Diabetes Of The Hispanic Population - 871 Words

Diabetes in the Hispanic Population There are several different types of diabetes, the 6 week intervention program that I have created focuses on type 1 and 2 diabetes in the Hispanic community. Type 1 is when the pancreas does not produce insulin by its self and the patient may have to take insulin shots. Type 2 is when the body has problems breaking down the blood glucose or sugar. The Hispanic population is constantly growing and we have an estimated 13.7% of Hispanics making up the United States. â€Å"The annual percentage of patients with prediabetes in whom overt type 2 diabetes develops is about 5% in the general US population and may reach 15% in the Hispanic American population† (Idrogo Mazze, 2004, para. 7). This a community health issue because of the percentage of Hispanic individuals that may end up with diabetes. These individuals need to be educated to help the promotion, protection, and maintenance of diabetes in this group. That is why I have created the int ervention program for this ethnic group. This biggest boundary for the Hispanic population is communication. This program will be in Spanish to cross that bearer. Each objective will focus on our overall goal for the program to lower the chances of someone becoming a diabetic and maintaining an overall healthy lifestyle for those who are prediabetic as well as are type 1 and type 2. Objective Objective 1 is our overall goal to be able to measure and maintain a diabetic blood glucose level at healthyShow MoreRelatedHealth Literacy And Its Effects On Hispanic Population With Diabetes1715 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy and its effects on Hispanic Population with Diabetes Background Health Literacy In 2003 The United States Department of Education completed the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) and for the first and only time, so far, it also included items to measure the Health literacy level of adults in the U.S. This assessment intended to measure the capacity of adult individuals to sucessfully comprehend the healthcare system, basic understanding of medical conditions and all knowledgeRead MoreType 2 Diabetes Self Management Education759 Words   |  4 PagesType 2 diabetes self-management education is necessary to prevent the development of long- term health complications associated with poor metabolic control in individuals with diabetes (Kennedy, 2012). The national average of adults who attended diabetes self-management education changed little from 51.4% in the year 2000 to 57.4% in 2010 (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2014). A Healthy People 2020 goal is to increase the number of adults who receive diabetes education by 10% (HealthyPeople.govRead More Hispanics And Latinos And Hispanics1560 Words   |  7 PagesLatinos and Hispanics, but they are also exceedingly closely related. It is important to remember that these terms refer to ethnicity, not race. Latinos and Hispanics are two different words that may or may not mean the same thing. Some people say Hispanics are those descending from Spain and speak Spanish. Others say it is not the same because Latinos include people from Latin American countries. Since this would include non-Spanish speaking countries it is not the same as Hispanic. So technicallyRead MoreDiabetes : A Disease Characterized By High Levels Of Blood Glucose1548 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Diabetes is a disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose caused by problems in insulin production, working of the produced insulin, or even both, which results in serious complications and ultimately death (National Diabetes Education Program, 2007). Type 2 diabetes, however, occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin or make use of insulin the body produces effectively. Report shows that 29.1 million or 9.3% people in the U.S. have diabetes, 21.0 million diagnosedRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus1545 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes is a disease that plagues many individuals, causes adverse health problems, and if left uncontrolled can lead to premature death. Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by unstable glucose levels and has 3 different forms: Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes. This research paper will focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease in which insulin is not produced s ufficiently or non-existing within the pancreas, causing an increase in theRead MoreHispanic Medical Practices, Beliefs, And Perceptions Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesHispanic Medical Practices, Beliefs, and Perceptions Related to Diabetes The incidence of diabetes is rising among the residents of California at alarming rates. Approximately 55% of the adults in California are estimated to have either diabetes or prediabetes according to the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research 2016 study on prediabetes (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, 2016). This is especially concerning for the Hispanic residents within the state as they make up the largest ethnicRead MoreDiabetes Fact Sheet958 Words   |  4 Pages Diabetes Data for Bexar County: According to the 2014 City of San Antonio Diabetes Fact Sheet, The percentage of adults with diabetes in Bexar county has been on the increase in the last few years. In 2012, 11.4% of the population in Bexar county had been diagnosed with diabetes; in 2013, number of diagnosed residents increased to 12.7%, and in 2014, it had increased to14.2%. Diabetes prevalence did not differ significantly between adult males (13%) and females (15%). Percentage of adults withRead MoreObesi ty And Obesity Among Hispanic And African American Communities1701 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes and Obesity Name Institution Diabetes and Obesity Abstract There exists a close relationship between diabetes and obesity. The two conditions have troubled the global sector, leading to numerous deaths and excessive expenditure. This study evaluates the relationship between exercise/diets with obesity and diabetes among Hispanic and African American populations. The two communities face challenges of contracting diabetes and obesity owing to their lifestyle. ThereRead MoreLiterature Review1353 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted by Guccuardi et al. (2013) found that all 13 randomized control trials and comparative studies have affirmative rate differences in culturally based diabetes self-management education when compared to general diabetes education. Lorig et al. (2008) conducted a randomized, controlled trial of the community-based, peer led Spanish Diabetes Self-Management Program (SDSMP) to determine its effectiveness in improving health status, health behaviors, and self-efficacy and maintaining improvementsRead MoreThe Patient Populatio n Of Interest Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesto conduct the study with the patient population of interest was secured from the administrator of the health center. Data was collected from January 5th, 2017 to March 5th, 2017. Patients in the waiting room were handed flyer invitation to participate by the researcher, who goes over the contents individually with prospective participants to determine eligibility for the study based on the criteria. The flyer explains the purpose of the study, the population of interest, including how to participate

Looking For Alaska Double Entry Journal Free Essays

â€Å"Two rows behind me, I heard a chair move and turned around to see Alaska standing up, slinging her backpack over one arm† Peg. 39 This quote shows how loyal Alaska is. She believes that what Budge was getting kicked out of class for was not fair so she did what Alaska usually does-spoke her mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking For Alaska Double Entry Journal or any similar topic only for you Order Now If Budge was going to get kicked out of class and she was going with him. It only makes him like her even more. Rorer adorable,’ she said, and I felt the intensity of her eyes on me and looked away nervously. ‘Too bad I love my boyfriend. † Peg. 43 Budge is so in love with Alaska that just the slightest compliment makes his day. He knows there’s something between them and I think Alaska knows that secretly too because of the way she looked at him. But again, her boyfriend is the problem. † â€Å"She smiled with all the delight of a kid on Christmas morning and said, â€Å"Hall smoke to enjoy it, I smoke to die. Peg. 44 1 had to read this quote over a few times to really get what she meant by it. This quote shows Alaskan character and who she really Is. She Is not afraid of death by smoking. I think she believes that if you live your life to the fullest, that it doesn’t matter what age you re when you die. â€Å"But why Alaska? I asked her. S he smiled with the right side of her mouth. Well, later I found out what It means. Its from an Aleut word, Alaska. It means â€Å"that which the sea breaks against,† and I love that. † Peg 53 1 wondered why her name was Alaska through the whole first part of the book, because the name interested me so much. I picked this quote because It shows her being more vulnerable and talking about things like her name and Its meaning. I also Like dhow Budge was so Interested In knowing more about Alaska, and I really do hope they get together later In the book. How to cite Looking For Alaska Double Entry Journal, Papers

International Of Diversity In Organisations-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Of Diversity In Organisations? Answer: Introduction Third sex or third gender as it is popularly referred to is a concept where people are categorized either by society or themselves as being neither a woman or a man. Under this context the third term is used to imply other (Winter, 2006). The term third gender is also used to describe a distinct social category that is preset in those societies which recognize the existent of more than 2 genders. The state of being identified by the society or personally identifying as a woman or a man or third gender is mostly defined by the gender role and gender identity of the individual in the society where they live. The debate regarding the status of third gender has been quite intensive in the Southeast Asia region. Thailand is one of the countries in the Southeast Asia region to hint at the constitutional recognition of the third gender. This literature review will analyze one of the articles on Thailands decision to recognize the third gender in its constitution with the objective of determining what factors led to the decision and its long term impacts. In reviewing the article titled, Thailands Transgender People Arent Just Ladyboys Anymore, by Jay Michaelson, the paper will also seek to investigate how the decision will impact the country social system and what it means for the LGBT community in the country. Literature Review The article by Jay Michaelson discusses a decision that was made by Thailands Constitution Drafting Committee on the 10th of January 2015 to include the term third gender into the countrys constitution as an acceptable gender. This proposal was made with the objective of ensuring that the new constitution would prohibit discrimination on the grounds of gender expression or gender identity. In the article the author seeks to examine the implication of Thailands decision and the reason why such a move was taken in Thailand. The author indicates that individuals who attempt to understand the context of the decision made by the constitutional drafting committee usually end up misunderstanding it due to the difference in cultural contexts. This statement by the author is based on the fact that different cultures have varied understanding of gender expression and gender identity. In countries like Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, the term third gender is used to refer to Hijra ( transgender individuals) (Yamphaka, 2007). In the Thailand context, the phrase third gender is used to refer to individuals who are classified as Katoey. These are transgender, transsexuals, and effeminate men or cross dressers. Prior to the proposal to officially recognize individuals who are categorized as Kotoey as a valid gender, the Katoey were considered to be inferior and considerably discriminated against. According to the Committees spokesman Kamnnoo Sittisamarn, the inclusion of third gender into the constitution is due to the fact that Thai society has evolved ad recognized the need for protecting all sexes not only men and women. Michealson proceeds to indicate that traditional Thai attitudes are both a hindrance and solution to the problems being faced by the Katoeys. In a survey conducted to determine the views of the Thai people towards Katoeys, it was determined that people who are closely related with Katoeys encourage the children to express themselves as they wish to. In the survey it was estimated that approximately 40.7% of Thai citizens held positive attitudes towards MTFTGs (Thailand to recognise "third gender" in new constitution panel, 2015). A number of studies have revealed that Thais in urban areas facilitate an attitude that encourages individuals to express themselves in a manner that they deem to be fit (Michaelson, 2015). However, the study also highlights the fact that even though certain gender practices are socially accepted within Thai culture, official government institutions and a small section of the society still discriminate against individuals who identify as Katoey. Thai spiritual beliefs have also played a significant role in shaping Thailands traditional attitudes towards third genders. Unlike western spiritual beliefs where gender is defined based on the persons anatomy. In traditional Thailand spiritual belief gender is defined based on a persons social and sexual role (Bering, 2015). Studies have also revealed that ancient Thai myths on creation speak of the existence of three genders. These beliefs have led to a majority of Thailands society (especially those individuals in the Northern part of the country) have a positive attitude towards the concept of third sex. In his article Michaelson indicates that even though third gender individuals are still being discriminated against, the move to officially recognize them is a significant step forward. Their recognition within the constitution is a significant step due to the fact that they too will enjoy the same social rights that are afforded to members of the male and female genders. The author proceeds to highlight the fact that as it is the countrys constitution only prohibits discrimination based on a persons sex and gender. This statement serves to highlight the fact that as it currently stands the constitution does not specifically refer to third gender and therefore it does not protect them. By including the proposed annex which states that gender includes all gender identities and specifying that gender does not only refer to the male and female genders but also the phet thi sam ( third gender), the constitution protects those who fall under this category from being discriminated against. In the article the author also points out to the loss of the meaning of third gender in its translation. The author points out to the fact that contrary to popular belief, the term third gender is a short hand whose contexts has been misrepresented by the media. In the Thai context the term third gender was used primarily to refer to transgender individuals. However, due to the misunderstanding of the context, the term has been used to refer to the most prevalent transgender like category in the country which is Kathoey. By doing this the definition of third gender is restricted to individuals who are biologically born as males but may assume female identities either through acquiring gender identities ( think of themselves as females), gender expression ( present or express themselves as females) and/or sexual characteristics ( undergo sexual reassignment procedures) (Beyrer, 1998). This misunderstood translation of third gender threatens to be a hindrance to obtaining the exact objective of what the low set out to establish. The misinterpretation of the term stems from the fact that the colloquial translation of Kathoey is ladyboy (Methangkun, 1986). A number of human rights activists have argued that even if passed, the misinterpretation of the term will result in a large percentage of those who should be protected by the low being left out. The activists argue that members of the LGBT community and individuals who born as females but identify as males should also be covered by the term. According to them, the phrase other should be used to refer to all other genders that do not conform to the guidelines used to identify the male and female genders. This will ensure that the inclusion of third gender into the constitution will effectively protect all other individuals who do not identify as either males or females. The author also argues that the fact that ladyboys are ubiquitous in the country and most of them work as entertainers has resulted in most people not taking them getting little social respect (Jackson, 1996). This argument stems from the fact that society usually judges people in the way they present themselves. Studies have indicated that if a community is usually portrayed in a negative manner to the larger society, it is more likely that the society will perceive that particular society negatively regardless of the fact that the negative representation does not reflect the entire society (Claes, 2011). This logic is reflected in Thai societys perception of ladyboys and entertainers and individuals who should not be taken seriously. This negative representation of ladyboys affects the societys view of individuals who categorize themselves as third genders as they are seen not to be serious. The author further proceeds to argue that the fact that Thailand is one of the few countries in the world that have recognized the third gender as a legitimate gender category does not stem from the concept of democratic practice or advanced gender theory but from the fact that those roles and identities are part and parcel of traditional Thai culture. This statement insinuates that the major reason as to why third gender individuals have experienced such positives attitudes from Thai people is because of traditional Thai culture. Traditional Thai culture unlike most western and cultures recognize and appreciates the existence of more than two gender identities. It is also important to note that it is this positive attitude of the society towards transgender that has contributed to the large number of individuals who identify as third genders in Thailand. It is because of the Thai culture that third gender individuals in the country enjoy a greater degree of public acceptance and safety than transgender individuals in most other parts of the world. The author also points out that due to this fact the transgender individuals are estimated to be between 10,000 to 100,000 people from the population of 56 million. Due to the social acceptance the transgender have been able to be famous models, actors, and politician (Gooren et al., 2013). In this section of the article the author highlights the fact that lack of cultural support and acceptance is one of the major reasons as to why most third gender individuals in society usually end up underperforming. Without societal acceptance and support, an individual is unable to effectively express him/herself; the individual also looses his/her self confidence thereby negatively affecting his performable in society. Despite the level of success obtained by Thai society with regards to the acceptance of transgender individuals, there still exists a number of challenges hindering their social image. The Kathoey identity has been widely stigmatized and the result of that stigmatization is a significant percentage of (Kathoeys engaging in sex work Thailand to recognise "third gender" in new constitution panel, 2011). The stigmatization has also resulted in a significant percentage of members from this social group being excluded from professions that are deemed to be upper class professions, marginalized and rejected y their families. A large percentage of individuals from the Southern part of the country believe that being Kathoey is retribution for bad actions that individuals performed in their past life. This belief is closely related to the Buddhist belief of reincarnation. Buddhism is one of the most popular religions in the most popular religions in Thailand and has significantly influenced the way people view certain societal life. In Buddhism, individuals are reincarnated based on their past life. Those who behaved poorly in their past life will have their transgression punished during their reincarnation. In the article, the author also cites western representation of transgender individuals as another driver of negative perception of transgender individuals in the . The western discourse of medicalization has greatly contributed to individuals who identify as third gender being viewed as disordered or sick (Gooren et al., 2015). The article also proceeds to discuss the concept of transmen which is new in Southeast Asia. The term transman refers to a male individual who was assigned a female gender at birth. Transman unlike the cisgender men usually identify with any sexuality like bisexualism gay, pansexual, polysexul, demisexual etc (Newman et al., 2013). Individuals who identify has transmen argue that the Thailand government has misrepresented them significantly and as a result of this misrepresentation they have not been able to enjoy most of the rights that should be afforded to them. The perceived neglect of transgender men is based on the fact that Thai society pays more attention to the plight and needs of transwomen who constitute a significant percentage of the transgender society in the country (Sinnott, 2004). The proposed constitutional changes w will serve to eliminate some of the discrimination that the individuals in these groups are experiencing and create room for social cohesion. The author compares progress made by Thailand with regards to the rights of transgender with those made by the U.S. He argues that unlike in Thailand where a significant amount of progress has been made with regards to the plight of transgender, in the U.S, the rights of those who fall under the transgender community have been overshadowed by those of gays and Lesbian. The discrepancy between these two countries can be traced back to the fact that the organizations fighting for LGBT rights in the U.S are stronger than those fighting for transgender rights. It can also be due to the fact that the transgender community in the U.S is smaller than that of Thailand and as a result of this a significant percentage of the transgender in Thailand. This has resulted in most of the organizations championing for transgender rights in the country falling under the LGBT community umbrella. It is essential to highlight the fact that unlike in the U.S, the progress of transgender rights does not imply progress with regards to the rights of homosexuals. In most Southeast Asian countries, homosexuality is still considered as a major offense and shunned by a significant percentage of the society. In Thailand some schools teach that homosexuality is a disease (Winter, 2006). This attitude has led to a large group of homosexual individuals in the country identifying them as transgender. Conclusion From the arguments presented in this paper, it is evident that the proposal made by the Constitutional Drafting community is just a first step towards obtaining equal treatment for individuals who neither identify as males or females (Sinnott, 2004). Even though the proposal might serve to bring equity for transgender within Thai society, certain negative portrayals of transgender individuals might serve to negatively affect the impact of the proposal. It is also evident from the arguments provided that Thai culture has played a significant role in shaping how transgender are viewed. The inclusion of the proposal into the countrys constitution is not as a result of the country being developed socially or politically but due to traditional practices that has made transgender individuals widely accepted in the society. The societys traditional culture tends to affect social perception of transgender individuals both positively and negatively. In the paper this is demonstrated in the fact that the Buddhist religion believes in their being more than two genders. This belief has led to most of the members of that society believing in the existence of third, fourth and fifth genders (naldi, 2011). As a result of this there has been a significant increase in the number of Thai individuals who identify as transgender. On the other hand, the same Buddhist religion also speaks of reincarnation. As a result of this belief a significant percentage of individuals in the Southern part of the country believe that transgender are reincarnated individual who did evil in their past lives. This belief has led to discrimination against transgender individuals (Saisuwan, 2011) Based on the arguments it is logical to conclude that opinion regarding transgender individuals in Thailand is considerably divided. The new law will serve to promote social equity and provide transgender individuals with the rights that have been afforded to other members of the society (Towle, Morgan, 2002). It is also evident from the arguments that the author believes that more should be done to promote social equity for transgender individuals in the country. However, he recognizes the fact that the obtainment of constitutional recognition as a valid gender is one of the largest huddles that the country has overcame. References Thailand to recognise "third gender" in new constitution -panel. (2015, January 15). Retrieved October 03, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-politics/thailand-to-recognise-third-gender-in-new-constitution-panel-idUSL3N0UU1BS20150115 Towle, E. B., Morgan, L. M. (2002). Romancing the transgender native: rethinking the use of the" third gender" concept.GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,8(4), 469-497. Sinnott, M. (2004).Toms and dees: Transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. University of Hawaii Press. Winter, S. (2006). Thai transgenders in focus: Demographics, transitions and identities.International Journal of Transgenderism,9(1), 15-27. Jackson, P. (2003). Performative genders perverse desires: a bio-history of Thailands same-sex and transgender cultures.Intersections: Gender History and Culture in the Asian Context, (9), 43. Newman, P. A., Roungprakhon, S., Tepjan, S. (2013). A social ecology of rectal microbicide acceptability among young men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand.Journal of the International AIDS Society,16(1). Gooren, L. J., Sungkaew, T., Giltay, E. J., Guadamuz, T. E. (2015). Cross-sex hormone use, functional health and mental well-being among transgender men (Toms) and Transgender Women (Kathoeys) in Thailand.Culture, health sexuality,17(1), 92-103. Sinnott, M. (2004).Toms and dees: Transgender identity and female same-sex relationships in Thailand. University of Hawaii Press. Gooren, L. J., Sungkaew, T., Giltay, E. J. (2013). Exploration of functional health, mental well-being and cross-sex hormone use in a sample of Thai male-to-female transgendered persons (kathoeys).Asian journal of andrology,15(2), 280. naldi, S. (2011). Back in the Spotlight: The Cinematic Regime of Representation of Kathoeys and Gay Men in Thailand.Queer Bangkok: 21st Century Markets, Media, and Rights, edited by PA Jackson, 81-98. Claes, M. T. (2011). Kathoeys of Thailand: A Diversity Case in International Business.International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities Nations,10(5). Beyrer, C. (1998). Other genders: kathoeys, waria, hinjras, toms and dees.War in the blood: sex, politics and AIDS in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: White Lotus Publishing. Methangkun, B. (1986). Khon Pen Kathoey Dai Yang-rai (How Can People Be Kathoeys?).Bangkok: Abhidhamma Foundation. Thailand to recognise 'third gender' in new constitution. (2016, January 19). Retrieved October 03, 2017, from https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/thailand-to-recognise-third-gender-in-new-constitution-panel Thailand to recognise "third gender" in new constitution -panel. (2015, January 15). Retrieved October 03, 2017, from https://www.reuters.com/article/thailand-politics/thailand-to-recognise-third-gender-in-new-constitution-panel-idUSL3N0UU1BS20150115 Jackson, P. A. (1996). The Persistence of Gender: From Ancient Indian Pandakas to Modern Thai Gay-Ouings. Yamphaka, J. (2007). Thai kathoeys go international.Manager Newspaper Daily News,13, 13. Saisuwan, P. (2011). Kathoeys and womens use of first-person personal reference terms in Thai. Jackson, P. A. (1996, October). Thai academic studies of kathoeys and gay men: a brief critical history. InProceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Thai Studies, Theme III: Family, Community and Sexual Sub-Cultures in the AIDS Era(pp. 14-17). Asher, K. T.. (2012, October 01). Thailand: The Tale of the Pink Toilet - Transgender Rights in Thailand. Retrieved October 03, 2017, from https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/thailand-tale-pink-toilet-transgender-rights-thailand Michaelson, J. (2015, February 2). Thailands Transgender People Arent Just Ladyboys Anymore. Retrieved October 3, 2017, from https://humanrightsinasean.info/article/thailands-transgender-people-arent-just-ladyboys-anymore.html Bering, J. (2015). The Third Gender. Retrieved October 03, 2017, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-third-gender-2012-10-23/

Islamic Spread Essays - Religion, Asia, Islam, Arabs,

Islamic Spread From its beginnings in Arabia to its extensive empire encompassing the Middle East, parts of Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe,paul duffy is fat the spread of Islam in the late 600s and 700s has drawn much study. The spread of Islamic beliefs and civilization have been described from a variety of perspectives. One way in which Islam spread was by the military conquests of the Muslims. Mohammed gave choices to non-Moslem peoples. They could either accept Islam or war would be waged against them and many lives would be taken. These threats by the Moslems caused many to convert and become followers of Allah. When a group defied these words they were punished severely by the Moslems. Moslem warrior were known to be fierce and were quite capable of forcing nations into Islam. There were other times when military conquests were made by the Moslems in order to gain riches, or booty, as opposed to punishing a group of peoples. These campaigns were not made with the intention of gaining permanent footholds but once the Moslems finished their raids it was inevitable that the areas would become part of the Arab empire. Not everyone was forced to follow Islam though. There were many people to whom the Islamic culture appealed. The promise to devout Moslems of a paradise with an abundant supply of water appealed to many desert-dwellers. The belief in equality among all followers of Islam appealed to many impoverished nations. These people willingly converted to Islam from their ancestral religions, causing the Islamic empire to grow. Then you have peoples like the Christians or Jews, who were respected by most Moslems because of their monotheistic beliefs. These two groups did have to pay, however, for the protection of the Moslems. If they did not pay, they too would be punished. Because although they were respected by some Moslems, there were others who believed that Christians were evil because they stifled the liberty of their followers and where Christianity prevailed, no other religion could be followed without persecution. It becomes clear that Islamic civilization spread to different areas by different means but the end result was the same: an extensive empire covering the Middle East, parts of Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe. Islam still remains one of the most widely followed religions today.

Research Paper Topics

Research Paper Topics Research Paper Topics Research Paper Topics If you are assigned to write a research paper you should first define a research paper topic. You may investigate different spheres such as humanity, social science, history etc. Research paper in sciences generally involves recognizing a scientific problem to be solved, setting up an experiment design to yield useful data, and interpreting the data in the context of scientific knowledge. While writing research paper, you should use library resources, they help you to understand what is known about a given phenomenon, what experiment or project were already done on the chosen subject in science. You should read large volume of scientific literature before research paper writing. However, you will notice that there is wealth of resources which are not relevant to your research paper topic.   You should avoid using them as well as set yourself apart from unreliable article.   From this perspective, articles from peer-reviewed journals are the most appropriate.   While writing res earch paper and looking for scientific materials, you should choose search terms carefully, work from the most recent publications to earlier ones, sorting out schools of thought. Reading a scientific literature helps you to find out the most important and relevant information for your research paper topic. Consult a librarian to determine which resources are the best for your research and whether they are available. Research Paper Topics Tips While writing research paper for humanities class, you have to interpret a text or a work of art within a historical and cultural context, make connections, explore the attached meaning, and uncover contradictions. While writing a research paper, resources are collected for the three purposes:  to obtain primary information to be interpreted or analyzed, to find secondary sources to put primary sources in a critical context, to seek answers to specific questions that arise during research. Writing research paper is often interdisciplinary, crossing boundaries between literature and history, philosophy and art, or music and religion. Because the subject areas are hard to categorize, the terminology used in humanities research may be less solid and agreed upon than in other fields. Researchers in the humanities are more likely to draw material from texts and artifacts than from original data gathering and experimentation. They must be prepared to be flexible, both in search terminolo gy and in search strategy writing research paper, tolerant of multiple perspectives on the same object of study, prepared to use citations from relevant texts to locate other material and clarify connections among works, willing to return to the library as new questions arise. Research paper format is usually specified by the tutor and can be very different, however, the basic components should be preserved:   introduction, research hypothesis, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, analysis, recommendation, and conclusion. Custom Written Research Papers Looking for help with research paper writing?   writers are here to help you with any stage of research paper writing.   We are experienced and dedicated to your academic requirements.   Every custom written research paper we deliver is accompanied with free plagiarism report and bibliography list.

How to Conjugate Italian Verbs Like a Native

How to Conjugate Italian Verbs Like a Native Learning vocabulary for nouns like â€Å"toothbrush† and â€Å"tomato† are important, but without verbs, they’re not as useful. Verbs are essential to communicating in any foreign language, and while Italian verbs have a consistent, logical pattern of conjugation, there are still many verbs that are irregular. Plus, even if you memorize all of the verb conjugations, being able to use them quickly in conversation is another story. I say this to emphasize the importance of getting a lot of practice with verbs both with written exercises and with plenty of speaking.    To get you started, or perhaps to fill in some gaps, below you can read about the three Italian verb categories along with suggestions for your studies so you can learn how to conjugate verbs like a native. Step 1) Learn the present tense conjugations of the verbs avere (to have) and essere (to be). They are the key to learning all of the other Italian verb conjugations. Step 2) Understand that Italian verbs fall into three categories of conjugations depending on the endings of the infinitive: -are verbs Comprare - To buyImparare - To learnMangiare - To eatParlare - To talk -ere verbs Credere - To believeLeggere - To readPrendere - To takeScendere - To get off, to descend -ire verbs Salire - To go upUscire - To go out The stem of regular verbs is obtained by dropping the infinitive ending. In English, the infinitive (linfinito) consists of to verb. Step 3) Recognize that Italian verbs are conjugated in the various persons, numbers, and tenses by adding the proper ending to the stem. To start, let’s use the regular verb â€Å"credere - to believe† as an example. io - credo noi - crediamo tu - credi voi - credete lui / lei / Lei - crede loro, Loro - credono Notice how the ending changes based on the subject. â€Å"I believe† is â€Å"credo† and â€Å"they believe† is â€Å"credono.† Let’s use the irregular verb â€Å"andare - to go† as another example. io - vado noi - andiamo tu - vai voi - andate lui / lei / Lei - va loro, Loro - vanno Since the endings are different for each subject, more often than not you can drop the pronoun. So, for example, instead of saying â€Å"Io credo - I believe,† you can just say â€Å"Credo - I believe† with the â€Å"io† as a subject pronoun. Step 4) Memorize the present tense conjugations of common, irregular verbs. These are â€Å"dovere - must,† â€Å"fare - to do, to make,† â€Å"potere - can, to be able to,† and â€Å"volere - to want.† Step 5) Learn how to use common verbs in the following tenses: Il presenteIl passato prossimoL’imperfetto How do you know which verbs are common? While you could use the lists of the most common verbs online, I think it’s more useful to think about the verbs you commonly use and learn how to be flexible with those. One exercise for figuring out which verbs those are is by writing short compositions about your life, like how to introduce yourself, talking about your family, and discussing your hobbies. You’ll start to notice which verbs are used most often and then you can focus on those to memorize. Tips: Note that in the third person plural the stress falls on the same syllable as in the third person singular form.In a pinch, you can always consult a table of verb endings to determine the correct tense.

Does New Institutional Economics Helps a Business in Assessing Risk of Assignment - 1

Does New Institutional Economics Helps a Business in Assessing Risk of Foreign Direct Investment - Assignment Example In order to fully understand and analyze the role of new institutional economics (NIE) in risk assessment of foreign direct investment (FDI), we first need to develop a sound understanding of the new institutional economics and various aspects of foreign direct investment. In this paper I will discuss what is New Institutional Economics and its background; and how it is dissimilar from traditional economics. Its various impacts and demands will also be discussed. I will also discuss help of NIE in finding solutions which were previously unresolved. What change in a system is required for its implementation? NIE is not without its shortcomings it also poses some problems. In this paper, we will try to analyze the impact of NIE on foreign direct investment. Does NIE help in any way assessing the risk associated with foreign direct investment? The term new institutional economics was invented by Oliver Williamson in 1990’s. It now refers to various active theoretical currents which belief in the importance of institutions. They also believe 1(Barnard Chavance, 2009) that importance of institutions can also be analyzed with the instruments of standard economic theory with some adjustments. He emphasized on the absence of the existence of the firms in the conventional economics. He uses the cost of using the price mechanism as his basis. The search of appropriate prices and negotiation of separate contracts can be costly for individuals. Hence an individual volunteers himself under the authority of an organization or entrepreneur to sell his services to the market. Hence market transactions are eliminated and firm replaces the market thus economizing the cost of price determination. He developed the concept of transaction cost. Differing cultural values provide an advantage. The nature of the labour force shows that the cost of overcoming the difference in culture is sometimes worth the cost because of other benefits.  Ã‚  

Death penalty should be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death penalty should be abolished - Essay Example A punishment, which was put into effect in 1500 in England, was opposed by many academics in 1750. These academics included Cesare Beccaria who was the Italian jurist; Voltaire who was the French philosopher; and, Jeremy Bentham and Samuel Romilly, who were the English law reformers. They presented the argument that death penalty was the cruel form of punishing the criminals, and it is most often applied on innocent people. However, there are many counter-arguments that support the death penalty. This paper intends to juxtapose the arguments and counter-arguments regarding death penalty; and, support the statement that capital punishment or death penalty is cruel, and should be abolished. Ethics do not allow a government to take lives of its nationals. There is good number of chances that innocent lives will be put to death under this punishment, and there can be no compensation for this. It is possible that capital punishment converts to manslaughter by killing someone convicted of murder, when the murderer says that it was not murder but an inadvertent killing, such as killing in self-defense. An example is the open and shut case of James McNicol, who was put to death in December 1945. Although James did not oppose the conviction of murder; yet, after his death, Elaine Merrilees, his niece discovered that he was only guilty of manslaughter and not murder. Hence, death penalty can be understood as a violation of human or civil rights. Wrongful conviction also includes cases where people make false confessions. Such people are innocent in actual, and are penalized to death. Whether the court announces death penalty for a convict or not depends less on the criminal act and the evidences, and more on the skill of the lawyers, the financial status of the criminal, the socio-economic status, and the race and color. These factors result into biased decisions from the court, resulting in either making the real criminal escape the punishment or enforcing death penalty on to some other innocent person. This makes the whole system of death penalty illogical and heinous. However, it cannot be stated as a final decision that murderers should be given relaxation in punishment, which makes the debate of adopting or banning the capital punishment all the more daunting. Death penalty has deepened its roots strongly in many countries, and the victims are often Hispanics and the minorities, who are killed due to racial discrimination. It would have been somewhat acceptable if the punishment was for everyone, regardless of what race, color, or ethnic group the murderer belonged to, but since most of the times racial biases come across, the situation gets worse. This also becomes the cause for hatred between different ethnic groups, and may give rise to riots and a long sequence of killings based on racial differences. Marquart, Ekland-Olson and Sorensen (86) affirm that: Rather than systematically sentencing younger minorities to death, murderers of all ra cial categories who received death tended to be younger than the larger pool of imprisoned convicted murderers- although the difference in age between Hispanics sentenced to death or those imprisoned was not statistically significant. The family of the one who is being put to capital punishment suffers very badly. Negative impacts are inflicted on their innocent minds because they have to come to terms not only with the sentence of their loved one but also with his death, and that too so cruelly. Therefore, the agony of

The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Example for Free

The Current Status of Women in Middle East Countries Essay Part I: Reasons why women are reaching a stagnant point in the Arab countries and how this could possibly change:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to feminists, the current status of women in Middle East countries is strongly attributed to state policies.   Scholarly information from studies conducted on the status of Middle East women have indicated that the changes that have taken place in the legal status of women and in their social placement in society have very much been determined by the changes taking place in political constitution of various states and regimes. The status of women and gender relations have also been equally determined by other factors like class structure, economic and demographic characteristic Religion can also not be ruled out as it has tremendous influence on the system of governance in many countries in this region.   Revolutionary projects carried out in Iran and Afghanistan but which did not yield good results act as a clear guideline on the status of women in Arab countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The societies in the Arab world are predominantly patriarchal.   The role of a woman as wife and mother is still held with a lot of esteem in these societies.   Women are reproducers, educators of children and socialisers whereby they are responsible for implementing societal and cultural values in the young ones. These societies are also predominantly Islamic, a religion that still holds the family as the most fundamental unit of society and places greet responsibility on women about raising devout Muslims as well as transmitting cultural values.   Child bearing is therefore the central labor activity for the females while the men are responsible for the general upkeep of the family.   The place of the woman in a Muslim society therefore remains the home and the activities surrounding it. Muslim family law also gives the male members of the society extensive control over key decisions affecting the life of the women under their control for example in issues concerning marriage, education, business and mobility. Women in the Arab countries are still subjected to some form of subordination to the males and restrictive codes of behavior that govern their lives. There is sex segregation towards women and family honor is closely associated with female virtue.   As a result any attempts to change family virtues or the family structure has often met with a lot of resistance in the Arab world especially from revolutionary groups that have been operating under the concept of defending Islam such as the Taliban in Afghanistan.   Tribal-Islamist opposition groups also play a major role in opposing any attempts to change the status of women in these societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Arab countries, marriage is still predominantly an agreement between families rather than between two individuals who hold equal rights in society. A husband has absolute rights over his wife’s body and such issues as marital rape are not recognized. Women are therefore still under male control and any attempt to achieve in their social status is viewed as resistance to made dominance.   The community has tremendous influence over a woman’s life in Arab countries a factor that can be seen in the societies refusal to do away with the veil even at a time when civilization has advanced in these countries.   As a result, the veil has widely been viewed as a civilizational threat to the position of the modern woman in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wars that characterize several Arab nations have also been a threat to the status of women.   This is because even after their husbands have been recruited and probably died in war, women especially in the poor backgrounds cannot freely venture out to fed for their families and they still have to rely on male members of the family such as the older sons. This has subjected the women and their children to a lot of unnecessary suffering. There has also been a tendency in these nations to limit the political exposure of women, a factor that has resulted from the concept of male dominance in these societies.   In such a way, it has been difficult for women to push for change as society still holds views that their position should be in the house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lot can be done to assist the women and improve their status in society.   Women for example should be given freedom in education.  Ã‚   This is because modernization demands more labor in high profile jobs. Wars should be a great lesson and women should be given a chance of being economically stable to avoid desperate situations in the event of the death of the family’s breadwinner during war.   Education will also give women better chances of employment and produce women who are able to strongly advocate for change in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because family law in Arab nations greatly determines state and legal policies relating to gender and family matters,   perhaps these laws should be reviewed to give the women more influence in the family and society.   Various Arab governments should also give attention to demands by women on the improvement of their political, civil and social rights. Part II: Authoritative governments and the rise of fundamental Muslim groups   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Arab world, the main religion is predominantly Islam, a religion that has played a major role in determining the political, social and civil structures in these nations. Religious and state matters are intertwined in such a way that it becomes difficult to make a clear distinction between the two. Islamic law applies to every aspect of life in the Arab nations ranging from matters related to everyday life, to state matters such as the system of governance and even foreign relations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With modernization, the Muslim world has come into contact with the Western world, an aspect that has led to mixed reactions in different Arab nations. This is as a result of the major economic, political and social-cultural developments that have resulted from this type of contact. In most of the Muslim countries the political systems are based on Islamic laws derived from the Quran and this has resulted in the concept of Islamic States through which Arab countries want to exert their influence and change the Western culture to conform to Islamic way of life. There has also been widespread resistance to Western influence and these factors have led to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. A strive has risen among the Arabs between those who feel that Islam should determine the political culture of the Arab nations and those who prefer secular governments that have institutions modeled on Western governments. Islamic fundamentalist feel that Arab governments have established state constitutions that are too compliant with other religions or doctrines. It is therefore the ultimate goal of Islamic political fundamentalists to overthrow these secular states in a bid to achieve national dominance in the political system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Islamic fundamentalist movements have been modeled upon the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt began in 1928 that provided such movements with directives on the way forward in achieving political dominance through the implementation of the Sharia law. Even though composed of a minority of Muslims, Islamic fundamentalists have had varied political achievements in various nations. Good examples of such groups are the Wahhabi in Saudi Arabia and the Taliban in Afghanistan where strict Islamic law has been used to eradicate any form of Western influence. In Sudan, the efforts by the Muslim brotherhood to uphold Sharia law since independence in that nation in 1956 has led to a long civil war between the Islamic North and the Christain south.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood captures 20 percent of the seats in civic elections held in the later part of 2005. Turkey is ruled by an Islamist party that appears to accommodate democratic ideals. But since the September 11 attacks in the United States, growing concern has risen within the international community over the current situation in the Arab countries regarding religious reform and the prospect of Islamist fundamentalists having a share in political power. This is because of extremist groups that have resulted to terrorism as a means of achieving their goals. A good number of the countries in the Middle East are governed by autocratic regimes opposed to these Islamist movements. An attempt by such groups to gain political power has often been suppressed by denying them a popular vote in the governments and by exercising brutality against their leaders and followers. This is because of the tendency by these groups to result to violence as a means of airing their grievances and achieving their goals. Such violence has led to abduction of Western hostages, bomb attacks on the US Embassies in countries like Kenya and Tanzania and the September 11 attack in the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Islamic fundamentalists   originally aimed at achieving political goals through peaceful means but the refusal of Islamic governments to recognize their existence and the attempt to suppress these movements is what may have led to the emergence of extremist groups. The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt has however maintained peaceful means in dealing with the government an aspect that has helped the movement to rise into a political party with a strong following. The future of such groups is however threatened by the fight against terrorism and whether they will achieve in maintaining strict Muslim states is yet to be determined by the course that political events in the Arab world will take and the relations between these Arab nations and the West. Part III The lack of unification between the Arab countries has its benefits in regards to Preservation of culture but it is a hindrance to their potential political force Culture in any community plays a role of utmost importance particularly in preserving the identity of any community. Like everywhere else in the world, the movement of people in and out of the Muslim world has increased cultural integration. Colonial occupation in the Arab countries served to expand these cultural influences bringing in the process of westernization. However the Arab countries have more than any other group of nations succeeded in keeping both external and internal influences at minimal levels. These countries have thus managed to retain their individual cultures to large extent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From Egypt to Syria, the rise of Arabism was largely as a result of resistance to the colonial occupation mainly the British occupation. This growing force promised to unite Arab nations on the principles of nationalism as well as religion of Islam. This resulted in the expansion of state, missionary and private education (Moaddel, M., 53). However the cultural distance between the components of the Arab world would not allow for significant integration. This has to this day served to retain the cultural composition of the member countries. The lack of unity in the Arab countries has therefore served to preserve culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The biggest loss that is as a result of this disunity is however the loss of political forces that would have defined the Arab countries as a force to be reckoned with. The leadership’s radical difference in ideologies has made any meaningful integration difficult. A phenomenon akin to divide and rule has therefore been employed repeatedly by the western powers to further influence the political direction in the Arab World. This has worked against the region since it still remains on the shadows when political force is called for in order to change direction of the world.       Works Cited: Are Knusden. Political Islam in the Middle East R 2003:3 Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism and Fundamentalism. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.

A Unique Perspective of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay

     Ã‚  Ã‚  My perspective of Gilman’s short story, "The Yellow Wall-Paper" is influenced by a great number of different and diverse methods of reading. However, one cannot overlook the feminist theorists’ on this story, for the story is often proclaimed to be a founding work of feminism. Further, the historical and biographical contexts the story was written in can be enlightened by mentioning Gilman’s relationship with S. Weir Mitchell. And I can’t help but read the story and think of Foucault’s concept of Panopticism as a method of social control. Lastly, of course, there’s the psychological perspective on the story, although in my readings of psychology, particularly the psychological knowledge surrounding both women and queers, I find the discipline incredibly tainted with patriarchy and heterosexism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point, I’d like to define a few terms somewhat precisely, at least as I intend to use them in the context of this paper. In this paper, I use the term "queer" for two reasons: one of which is in the spirit of reclaiming a word that has traditionally been used to verbally abuse non-heterosexual people for decades, and secondly because in the heterosexual mindset there are no differences between bisexuals, gay men, lesbians, transgendered and transsexual people. Brett Beemyn and Mickey Eliason write: "We have chosen to use ‘queer’ because it best characterizes our own personal beliefs, and it potentially leaves room for all people who are attracted to others of the same sex or whose bodies or sexual desires do not fit dominant standards of gender and/or sexuality" (5). One of the first questions that must be answered, of course, is why is it important to look at literature from a queer perspective? Is a reader, such ... ...otte Perkins Gilman and the Politics of Form." Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 14.2 (1995): 273-293. Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. "The Mark of Sexual Preference in the Interpretation of Texts: Preface to a Homosexual Reading. (Gay and Lesbian Studies)." Journal of Homosexuality 24.1-2 (1992): 65-89. Foucault, Michel. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. 2nd ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wall-Paper." New England Magazine (1892). (Rpt. in Major American Short Stories. Ed. A. Walton Litz. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994. 286-300.) Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’: a Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990): 1-15. Tierney, William G. Academic Outlaws. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1997.    A Unique Perspective of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay      Ã‚  Ã‚  My perspective of Gilman’s short story, "The Yellow Wall-Paper" is influenced by a great number of different and diverse methods of reading. However, one cannot overlook the feminist theorists’ on this story, for the story is often proclaimed to be a founding work of feminism. Further, the historical and biographical contexts the story was written in can be enlightened by mentioning Gilman’s relationship with S. Weir Mitchell. And I can’t help but read the story and think of Foucault’s concept of Panopticism as a method of social control. Lastly, of course, there’s the psychological perspective on the story, although in my readings of psychology, particularly the psychological knowledge surrounding both women and queers, I find the discipline incredibly tainted with patriarchy and heterosexism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point, I’d like to define a few terms somewhat precisely, at least as I intend to use them in the context of this paper. In this paper, I use the term "queer" for two reasons: one of which is in the spirit of reclaiming a word that has traditionally been used to verbally abuse non-heterosexual people for decades, and secondly because in the heterosexual mindset there are no differences between bisexuals, gay men, lesbians, transgendered and transsexual people. Brett Beemyn and Mickey Eliason write: "We have chosen to use ‘queer’ because it best characterizes our own personal beliefs, and it potentially leaves room for all people who are attracted to others of the same sex or whose bodies or sexual desires do not fit dominant standards of gender and/or sexuality" (5). One of the first questions that must be answered, of course, is why is it important to look at literature from a queer perspective? Is a reader, such ... ...otte Perkins Gilman and the Politics of Form." Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 14.2 (1995): 273-293. Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. "The Mark of Sexual Preference in the Interpretation of Texts: Preface to a Homosexual Reading. (Gay and Lesbian Studies)." Journal of Homosexuality 24.1-2 (1992): 65-89. Foucault, Michel. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. 2nd ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wall-Paper." New England Magazine (1892). (Rpt. in Major American Short Stories. Ed. A. Walton Litz. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1994. 286-300.) Kasmer, Lisa. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’: a Symptomatic Reading." Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990): 1-15. Tierney, William G. Academic Outlaws. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1997.   

Formal Features of Remember by Christina Rossetti Essay

â€Å"Remember† is a sonnet by a poetess of Victorian England, Christina Rossetti. The poem was written in 1849 but was first published in 1862 in â€Å"Goblin Market and Other Poems† by Rossetti (Petacovic, 2009). Rossetti suffered from ill health throughout her life (Shanks, 2010); she seemed to be obsessed with her death and therefore wrote several poems (â€Å"Song†, â€Å"The One Certainty†) exploring the theme of death. Christina Rossetti was only 19 when she wrote â€Å"Remember†. Scholars believe that the poem was addressed to her fiance, Charles Cayley, though they later separated due to differing religious views. Written in iambic pentameter, â€Å"Remember† is a sonnet with Italian form. It is divided into an octet and a sestet. The octave (eight lines) rhymes ABBAABBA. As in most sonnets, the octet serves to set the theme of the narrative. The author seems to be informing the reader about her impending death. The sestet (six lines), on the other hand, has a rhyme scheme of CDDECE. This variation in rhyming scheme changes the atmosphere of the poem. The basic theme of the poem is that the narrator is asking to be remembered by her loved one but if her remembrance brings sorrow, she would rather be forgotten. Rossetti has employed simple words throughout the poem (Bennet, 2012). There are no visual details in the 14 lines. The author uses the phrase â€Å"remember me† three times in the first eight lines, almost demanding that she be remembered in certain situations. In the sestet the tone is very temperate. There is no use of imperatives. Instead, she states that it is better that her lover sometimes forget that she is gone and smile, rather than remember and be sad (Petacovic, 2009). Unlike most of Rossetti’s poems, such as â€Å"Winter: My Secret†, figurative language is used sparingly in the sonnet. There are three metaphors in this poem. The first metaphor is in verse 1, â€Å"Remember me when I am gone away†, where the words â€Å"gone away† are used instead of â€Å"dead†. The second metaphor (verse 2), â€Å"silent land†, could possibly allude to a religious land such as heaven, hell or purgatory. This reference reflects Rossetti religious upbringing. The last metaphor is employed in verse 11, â€Å"For if the darkness and corruption leaveâ€Å", where â€Å"darkness and corruption leaveâ€Å" is used as metaphor for her lover’s anger at her death (Petacovic, 2009).

Drama Evaluation Essay

When we did the 6 hour workshop on capital punishment, we looked at some extreme cases like two Somalia women; one was raped and stoned to death; the other was also stoned because she committed adultery, which was seen as crime by law in her country. The other case was about a man who was trying to get his lover’s aunt to sell him her farm. When she refused he killed her, but he didn’t want to go to jail, so he told his lover that she should take the blame because, she is underage and therefore wouldn’t go to jail. However, she did o to jail but she is on death row and is still awaiting her death. Even though, we studied all the capital punishment cases, it was the short plays about Derek Bentley that I decided to evaluate. The other group decided to focus on Derek’s personal development throughout their play. The first scene is set with Derek reminiscing about his life on the day of his execution. The group use a monologue to set the first flashback of the play. He talks about how he was born and how the umbilical cord got wrapped around his neck; this was a possible cause of his mental problems. The group’s use of levels is done very well since Derek is represented by a prop which is very small and his parents are above him with the doctor and the reminiscing Derek is sitting away from the flashback – this was representing how far away from his family he is. This scene was very effective at emphasising Derek’s innocence, since babies are usually associated with purity. However, I think the scene could’ve been improved if the doctor faced the audience, unless that was an intentional way of showing that this character isn’t as important. The second scene isn’t as long but it shows how Derek’s personality has been developing. He is playing with his toys on the floor and he looks very happy and clueless. His parents come in to talk to Derek’s teacher, who informs them about Derek’s disabilities. The vulnerable side of Derek is seen because of the use of levels – the parents and the teacher are yet again on a higher level then Derek, making them seem like they’re in control of the situation. The scene could have been improved if more emotion was shown in the shock after Derek’s parents found out about his disabilities. If they hugged to comfort each other of they walked over to Derek himself, it would really show what kind of loving environment Derek grew up in. In the third scene Derek is in secondary school messing around in the corridors with Chris. They soon get caught by a teacher and Chris runs off, leaving Derek to take the blame. The scene isn’t done as well as the other scenes; the use of voice isn’t clear because sometimes Derek and Chris are shouting and sometimes it’s not easy to understand the dialogue between the two. The character of the teacher does a good job at showing the anger and annoyance in the boys. The fourth and fifth scenes merge into one scene which makes it confusing for the audience. The 4th scene only involves Chris and Derek when they’re planning their raid. Chris is trying to convince Derek that it’s a good idea and knows that Derek is going to agree anyway. There is a very quick pause and the 5th scene starts with Chris and Derek climbing up the stairs. The group used imagery props to show they’re climbing. This scene is the pivotal moment of the play, when Chris and Derek get caught by the police. It becomes a bit confusing because everyone is shouting and running around, although at the same time it creates a good scene of panic and a very realistic image of what it most likely would’ve been like in reality. My group focused on the friendship between Chris and Derek. We start the first scene with the pivotal moment of the play, where Derek shouts ‘let him have it Chris’ and Chris shoots the policeman. The scene is a lot like the last scene of the last group – there is a lot of shouting and panic and when the shooting happens, we used a freeze-frame to emphasise the moment. I think we could’ve improved it by having a longer pause in the freeze-frame to make it clear that this is the pivotal moment. The second scene was set when Derek first met Chris at school. They sit in the middle of the table and get Derek gets laughed at by the other children. This scene could be improved if Chris and Derek were sitting on a table away from others, to show that their friendship gets stronger. The third scene uses actors as props; Derek and Chris are now in one of their gardens, trying to build with wooden branches. They look happy and really close as they sit in their new ‘building’. This scene could be improved if body propping was used to build something else and if the levels of Derek and Chris would change from time to time because in some parts of the scene it is clear that Chris is the leader of their friendship. The fourth scene is quite short; it only includes Derek and Chris. Chris is trying very hard to persuade Derek that the raid is a good and safe idea. The use of voice is very effective as Chris’ voice becomes more high-pitched when he talks about how easy the raid is going to be. The use of space, however, is the thing that needed improving; if Chris walked around more to show how great the raid is going to be, it would’ve added more of an affect. The fifth scene goes back to the pivotal moment of the shooting, but this scene is about what happens afterwards. The shooting is now much quicker and the rest of the scene is Chris getting taken away by police. This scene could’ve improved if the scene showed what happened to Derek after the shooting. Overall, both groups had different ideas but both interpreted theirs by using the same techniques. My group used a series of flashbacks to pinpoint Derek and Chris’ friendship and the other group used flashbacks to show the development of Derek’s personality. This workshop had a big impact on how much we knew before and how much we know now. I thought these punishments weren’t happening around present time, but they are and my feelings are very much against this, no matter how bad the crime was.

Pythagorean Triples Essays - Diophantine Equations, Equations

Pythagorean Triples Essays - Diophantine Equations, Equations Pythagorean Triples Pythagorean Triples Three integers a, b, and c that satisfy a2 + b2 = c2 are called Pythagorean Triples. There are infinitely many such numbers and there also exists a way to generate all the triples. Let n and m be integers, n*m. Then define(*) a = n2 - m2, b = 2nm, c = n2 + m2. The three number a, b, and c always form a Pythagorean triple. The proof is simple: (n2 - m2)2 + (2mn)2 = n4 - 2n2m2 + m4 + 4n2m2 = n4 + 2n2m2 + m4 = (n2 + m2)2. The formulas were known to Euclid and used by Diophantus to obtain Pythagorean triples with special properties. However, he never raised the question whether in this way one can obtain all possible triples.The fact is that for m and n coprime of different parities, (*) yields coprime numbers a, b, and c. Conversely, all coprime triples can indeed be obtained in this manner. All others are multiples of coprime triples: ka, kb, kc.As an aside, those who mastered the arithmetic of complex numbers might have noticed that (m + in)2 = (n2 - m2) + i2mn. Which probably indicates that (*) has a source in trigonometry. But the proof below only uses simple geometry and algebra.First of all, note that if a2 + b2 = c2, then (a/c)2 + (b/c)2 = 1. With x = a/c and y = b/c we get x2 + y2 = 1. This is the well known equation of the unit circl e with center at the origin. Finding Pythagorean triples is therefore equivalent to locating rational points (i.e., points (x,y) for which both x and y are rational) on the unit circle. For if (p/q)2 + (r/s)2 = 1, multiplication by a common denominator leads to an identity between integers.Rational numbers approximate irrational to any degree of accuracy. Therefore, the set of rational pairs is dense in the whole plane. So, perhaps, one might expect that any curve should contain a lot of rational pairs or meander wildly to avoid them. But this is not the case. The recent proof of Fermat's Last Theorem lets us claim that the curves xN + yN = 1 with N*2 contain no rational points. But there are simpler examples. From Lindemann's theorem, we conclude that the graph of a perfectly smooth function y = ex contains a single rational point, (0,1). Moreover, pulling the unit circle even a little aside may change the picture drastically. Let (xk, yk) = ( 2/k, 3/k), and consider a unit circle with center at (xk, yk). As k grows, the point approaches the origin, but for no k, such a circle contains a rational point.Let t be defined by(1) t = y/(x+1). Then t(x+1) = y andt2(x + 1)2 = y2 = 1 - x2 = (1 + x)(1 - x). We are not interested in negative x. So let's cancel (1+x) on both sides. The result ist2(x + 1) = (1 - x). Solving for x we get(2) x = (1 - t2)/(1 + t2) From y = t(1+x) we also obtain(3) y = 2t/(1 + t2) Formula (1)-(3) show that t is rational iff both x and y are rational.There is another way to look at the just described configuration.The configuration consists of the unit circle centered at the origin and a straight line passing through the point (-1,0) which lies on the circle. Unless the line is tangent to the circle, the two have a second common point. In order to find this point, we have to solve simultaneously two equations: the quadratic equation of the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the linear equation of the line. By eliminating either x or y from the latter, and substituting the result into the former, we get a quadratic equation in one variable with integer coefficients. One solution of this equation is immediate - it is related to the point (-1,0), and is rational. Therefore, the second solution of the equation is also rational and gives either x- or y-coordinate of the second point of intersection. (3,4,5), (5,12,13), (6,8,10), (7,24,25), (8,15,17), (9,12,15), (9,40,41), (10,24,26), (11,60,61), (12,16,20), (12,35,37), (13,84,85), (14,48,50), (15,20,25), (15,36,39), (15,112,113), (16,30,34), (16,63,65),

Differences Between Compilers and Interpreters

Differences Between Compilers and Interpreters Before the Java and C# programming languages appeared, computer programs were only compiled or interpreted. Languages like Assembly Language, C, C, Fortran, Pascal were almost always compiled into machine code. Languages like Basic, VbScript and JavaScript were usually interpreted. So what is the difference between a compiled program and an Interpreted one? Compiling To write a program takes these steps: Edit the ProgramCompile the program into Machine code files.Link the Machine code files into a runnable program (also known as an exe).Debug or Run the Program With some languages like Turbo Pascal and Delphi steps 2 and 3 are combined. Machine code files are self-contained modules of machine code that require linking together to build the final program. The reason for having separate machine code files is efficiency; compilers only have to recompile source code that have changed. The machine code files from the unchanged modules are reused. This is known as making the application. If you wish to recompile and rebuild all source code then that is known as a Build. Linking is a technically complicated process where all the function calls between different modules are hooked together, memory locations are allocated for variables and all the code is laid out in memory, then written to disk as a complete program. This is often a slower step than compiling as all the machine code files must be read into memory and linked together. Interpreting The steps to run a program via an interpreter are Edit the ProgramDebug or Run the Program This is a far faster process and it helps novice programmers edit and test their code quicker than using a compiler. The disadvantage is that interpreted programs run much slower than compiled programs. As much as 5-10 times slower as every line of code has to be re-read, then re-processed. Enter Java and C# Both of these languages are semi-compiled. They generate an intermediate code that is optimized for interpretation. This intermediate language is independent of the underlying hardware and this makes it easier to port programs written in either to other processors, so long as an interpreter has been written for that hardware. Java, when compiled, produces bytecode that is interpreted at runtime by a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Many JVMs use a Just-In-Time compiler that converts bytecode to native machine code and then runs that code to increases the interpretation speed. In effect, the Java source code is compiled in a two-stage process. C# is compiled into Common Intermediate Language (CIL, which was previously known as Microsoft Intermediate Language MSIL. This is run by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), part of the .NET framework an environment that provides support services such as garbage collection and Just-In-Time compilation. Both Java and C# employ speedup techniques so the effective speed is almost as fast as a pure compiled language. If the application spends a lot of time doing input and output like reading disk files or running database queries then the speed difference is barely noticeable. What Does this Mean to me? Unless you have a very specific need for speed and must increase the frame rate by a couple of frames per second, you can forget about speed. Any of C, C or C# will provide sufficient speed for games, compilers, and operating systems.

Groupbased assignment for Financial data analysis Essay

Groupbased assignment for Financial data analysis - Essay Example The report analyses the risk and return of these two companies. Then the cost structure of these companies is compared. The first part of the report focuses on calculating the means and the variances of the two companies. 'Mean' provides a measure of average return to investors while the 'variance' and hence the 'standard deviation' indicate risk. The second part of this report focuses on calculating the cost of capital for DGSE COMPANIES INC to aid the appraisal of a project under scrutiny. The cost of capital is the "opportunity cost of an investment; that is, the rate of return that a company would otherwise be able to earn at the same risk level as the investment that has been selected". CAPM will be used as the model. The equity cost of capital is found by accumulating the data relating to the company's and market returns at different points in time. The calculations yield a mean value of 0.026557 for DGSE COMPANIES INC and 0.014395 for PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC. These figures can be interpreted as for an investor investing $1 in DGSE COMPANIES INC and $1 in PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC, after a month he will get an average holding period return of 2.6 cents and 1.4 cents on his investments respectively. The Variance and the closely related Standard Deviation are measures of dispersions, which indicate how the possible values are spread around the mean and are an indicator of risk. For the purpose of calculations, the following formula is used for variance: As per the calculations, the monthly variance for DGSE COMPANIES INC is 0.0401 (4.01 %) and for PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC is 0.0050 (0.5%). The square roots of these figures give the monthly standard deviation which equals 0.200 (20%) and 0.0707 (7%), respectively. The Variance is indicative of volatility, hence the risk. It indicates how risky the investment is. A Comparison of risk and return of the two companies will give a clear idea. Table 1. RISK - RETURN RELATIONSHIP S.No Company Name Risk (%) Variance Return (%) - Mean 1 DGSE COMPANIES INC 4.01 2.6 2 PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC 0.5 1.4 The famous phrase "Higher the risk, higher the return" holds well in our case. Chart 1 Source: Primary Table 2. YEAR WISE RETURN COMPARISON YEAR DGSE PUBLIC 1997 0.0932 0.0212 1998 0.0418 0.0270 1999 0.0895 -0.0058 2000 0.0449 0.0401 2001 -0.0188 0.0034 2002 -0.0849 -0.0142 2003 0.0806 0.0318 2004 0.0199 0.0202 2005 -0.0269 0.0229 2006 0.0261 0.0063 Chart 2 Source: Primary CALCULATION OF MINIMUM VARIANCE PORTFOLIO S.No Company Name Risk (%) Variance Return (%) - Mean 1 DGSE COMPANIES INC 4.01 2.6 2 PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC 0.5 1.4 The total portfolio return considering equal proportion of each companies share is (0.5)*2.6 + (0.5)*1.4 = 2% By Trial and error method, the minimum variance portfolio is arrived at respective

ACL Injury Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ACL Injury - Research Paper Example There are other knee ligaments injuries but the most common injury associated with instability at the knee is ACL injury (Chaudhari, 2008). Perhaps this is because of the fact that ACL injury presents quite a number of ways through which it can suffer tears. Research has shown that the most common ACL injury occurs when the knee is bent exceedingly to the or to the sides more than it is used. Such scenarios are highly likely to occur amongst sports persons during trainings when they engage in activities aimed at making them flexible. In other instances, ACL injury may also occur when there is a direct pressure exerted on the thigh at a time when a person is standing on one leg (Tiidus, 2008). Studies have also revealed that ACL injury may also occur when a victim makes abrupt stop from a significantly highly speed, or attempts to make a sudden turn to the side while on a significantly high-speed motion. In all the above instances, one may observe that they all tend to exert pressure to the sides or on the ligaments at the back of the leg as had been noted. It is not a straightaway guarantee that any of such movements will result in ACL injury, but that they put a person at a highly risk of suffering from ACL injury. Therefore, there is a need to advise persons that take part in physical activities quite often on how what precautions to take during active periods of activities (Chaudhari et al., 2008). However, many physiotherapists and health professions have researched and proposed various ways for recovery and rehabilitation for detected cases of ACL injury. The thesis statement of this research shall be: Appropriate response to ACL injury should be case specific rather than universal approach for recovery and rehabilitation. This research shall assess various cases and analyze each depending on its magnitude. This is because prevalence of ACL injury has revealed that each case

Self-evaluation (Telecommuting will be the new way that jobs are Essay

Self-evaluation (Telecommuting will be the new way that jobs are performed in the next ten years. Introduction ) - Essay Example This can act as detrimental to a section of people are not well educated or skilled to perform any other kind of jobs. (Piskurich, 2008, p.27) Another argument presented by this paper is that telecommuting can provide an employee the added advantage of selecting his/her own working environment and this can have both economic and social benefits. However, there is also a down side because it becomes the responsibility of the employee to pay the bills of electricity and heat of his own working environment and in most companies the employees are not reimbursed for these aspects. (Piskurich, 2008, p.22) The paper puts forward a third argument that telecommuting provides the employee the advantage of working from home. This can help the employee to spend more time with the family thus promoting family values and developing stronger family relations. However, this can be disadvantageous for the supervisors whose primary responsibility is to monitor the efficiency and productivity of their supervisees. The supervisors do not feel comfortable because they cannot physically see their supervisees on daily basis. If the supervision is done badly then telecommuting can further reduce its effectiveness, however it can increase supervision that is done well. There is also the problem of jealousy from colleagues as many people feel that telecommuters do not work in all working hours at home. There may be others who cannot take up telecommuting because of their nature of work. All these can arouse jealousy from colleagues. This working from home facility can have an added disadvantage for thos e companies which regularly face crisis as it causes lack of flexibility. In case of emergency when holding a meeting is required it becomes extremely difficult to bring all the employees together if majority of them work from home. Therefore telecommuting as a way of job is

Influences of Organisational Culture on Social Care

Influences of Organisational Culture on Social Care Explain How Different Aspects of Organisational Culture, Including Communication and Leadership, Influence Service Provision in Social Care Organisational culture, a theoretical model of business practice, may also used to understand the systems and behaviour of other organisations, in particular the application of organisational culture theory to the understanding of social work practice. This model of business attempts to understand the positive and negative development of an organisation, through conscious and unconscious processes, and how these elements assist or limit the people within the organisation. Applying the principles of organisational culture theory to an environment which is essentially client-focussed is not straightforward, but provides social care theorists with both a way to understand barriers and limitations within the system, and the way that the principles of the organisation is applied to service provision; it may also offer a key to implementing practice reforms and changing the structure of social service organisation from within. By interpreting the social care system through this business mo del, it is possible to avoid the limitations which hinder better practice within social work. As this essay is based upon the terminology of Organisational Culture Theory, it is necessary to begin with a brief introduction to the theory, highlighting its concerns, and considering how this term relates to current understanding of organisational models. After this explanation, the essay will then consider each of the most important terms within organisational culture theory, including leadership, communication, and motivation. These terms will then be used to describe the aspects of organisational culture as they affect the provision of services within social care. A conclusion will discuss the relevance of organisational culture theory to social work, finishing with the consideration of how this business model is being used to alter the way in which social services are practiced, and the values which are utilised by social care. Organisational culture, the â€Å"set of beliefs, values and meanings that are shared by members of an organization† (Austin and Claassen, 2008, 349), is most often understood to refer to the practices and behaviours of a business organization. The term â€Å"Organisational culture† is not easily defined, despite its frequent usage, and theorists have therefore tended to outline the term according to their own interests. Attempts to clarify the meaning of ‘organisational culture† began in 1954: â€Å"The culture of industrial groupsfrom class origins, occupational and technical sources, the atmosphere of the factory which forms their background and finally from the specific experiences of the small informal group† (J. Brown, quoted in Anderson-Wallace and Blantern, page 3). This term highlights the importance of social bonding in creation of an organisational culture, which serves to unite a company around a common world view. Andrew Brown is one of m any authors who have noted that the same organisation can have different organisational cultures in different countries, reflecting a difference in the social cultures of those companies: â€Å"These differences are most striking when they were detected in the subsidiary companies of the same multinational organisation, because they seemed to suggest that national cultural differences may help shape organisational design and behaviour at a local level† (Brown, 1995, page 2). Later, organisational culture would be more extensively defined by both Brown and Edgar Schein: these two works will be the basis of the remainder of this essay. It is important to note the essential elements of organisational culture theory: that this culture consists of social and localised beliefs about the operation of the business; these beliefs, or mythology, may bind a company together to the extent that it becomes isolated from outside ‘reality’: Brown uses the example of Philips Elec tronics: â€Å"Philips’ cultural inclination to define truth and reality according to its technological bias has led critics to charge that it is complacent, lethargic, inward-looking and risk adverse† (Brown, page 29). He also notes that critics considered the internal culture a definite factor in the economic failure of the business. Brown’s work is a general guide to organisational culture, and offers three main sources of culture within a business: â€Å"The societal or national culture within which an organisation is physically situated† – which might be one reason why multinationals operating in many countries often have a number of organisational cultures; â€Å"The vision, management style and personality of an organisation’s founder or other dominant leader† – leadership and the mythology of prominent leaders being an important influence on the culture of a business; and â€Å"the type of business an organisation conducts and the nature of its business environment† – one would not expect social care to develop the same organisational culture as a company such as Shell or Cadburys (two businesses mentioned by Brown). Schein’s work describes similar factors in a rather more abstract manner. He uses the terms ‘artifacts’, ‘expressed values’, and ‘basic assumptions’ to describe organisational culture. Schein sees artifacts as including all the tangible aspects of a culture – language, surroundings, technology and â€Å"The visible behavior of the group and the organizational processes into which such behavior is made routine† (Schein, 1992, page 17). These are the aspects most observable to outside researcher, although Schein notes that â€Å"It is especially dangerous to try to infer the deeper assumptions from artifacts alone because one’s interpretations will inevitably be projections of one’s own feelings and reactions† (Schein, page 18). Espoused values may help the researcher to better understand the culture; some of these values later become assumptions: â€Å"Only values that are susceptible to physical or soci al validation and that continue to work reliablywill become transferred into assumptions† (Schein, page 20). Consciously espoused values may provide a clue to the basic assumptions of a group; alternatively, they may not: â€Å"One must discriminate carefully between those that are congruent with underlying assumptions and those that are, in effect, either rationalizations or only aspirations† (Schein, page 21). Basic Assumptions are, in essence, what lies beneath; these assumptions are those held subconsciously by an organisation: â€Å"If a basic assumption is strongly held in a group, members will find behavior based on any other premise inconceivable[they] actually guide behaviortell group members how to perceive, think about, and feel about things† (Schein, page 22). With this understanding of basic organisational culture theory, it is now possible to consider in greater detail a number of subjects which are influenced by this culture: motivation, leadership, and communication. Motivation: Business theory is greatly concerned with the motivation of employees, and a strong organisational culture is considered essential to this. â€Å"Most organisations make strenuous attempts to motivate their employeesan appropriate and cohesive culture can offer employees a focus of identification and loyalty† (Brown, page 90). A positive organisational culture has a beneficial effect upon the motivation of the workforce, encouraging staff retention, high performance, and the intake of recent graduates; employees may also experience a better quality of life, or at least working life, avoiding stress-related illness. By contrast, a negative culture may result in loss of motivation, high staff turnaround, workers entering employment with fewer skills or qualifications, and low performance. Leadership: Leadership, particularly charismatic leaders and company founders, have a profound impact upon the organisational culture of a business. Founders, of course, by creating the business, â€Å"usually have a major impact on how the group initially defines and solves its external adaptation and internal integration problemsFounderstypically have strong assumptions about the nature of the world, the role that organizations play in that world, the nature of human nature and relationships [and] how truth is arrived at† (Schein, page 213). The creation of the company is usually the beginning of its organisational culture and basic assumptions; and while the espoused values may change, the unconscious basic assumptions may extend back to the foundation of the business. Founders and later leaders are often charismatic, and their decisions may not be challenged directly: â€Å"The emerging culture will then reflect not only the leader’s assumptions but the complex int ernal accommodations created by subordinates† (Schein, 230). The charismatic leader’s personal style will also lead to the development of a mythology. These stories are vitally important in the maintenance of an organisational culture. Communication: The effective communication of ideas is essential in organisations, and often progress can be hampered through poor communication; Schein describes the development of production engineering: â€Å"Without it, engineering often designs things that cannot be built or are too expensiveEngineering is likely to perceive production as lazy and unimaginative, while production perceives engineering to be unrealistic† (Schein, 258). Organisational culture can affect communication, for example in hospitals, where â€Å"Most were discovered to suffer from a dearth of worthwhile formal communication channels† (Brown, 281). An organisational culture which avoids communicating new ideas will undoubtedly make profound mistakes and fail to co-operate. It is possible to see these aspects in the influence of organisational culture upon social care, and particularly how the provision of care is directly affected by leadership, communication, and motivational ideas. As Anderson-Wallace and Blantern explain, the perception of the recipient of care has a basic assumption (unchallenged), as its base: â€Å"One cultural artefact is an emphasis on an assessment of the individual client within their wider social environment. This is underpinned by the espoused value of the importance of a dialogue between practitioner and client. The underlying assumption is of the independent nature of the client in active negotiation with the practitioner.† (Anderson-Wallace and Blantern, page 8.) The basic assumption also reveals that the emphasis is upon the client, rather than upon the care worker. In such circumstances, it would not be surprising to see care workers being de-motivated; active participation is limited to the client, lessening th e need for effective communication, and also the possibility of blaming the client for errors; against this latter lays the practice of holding social services responsible for all errors in service provision. Motivation is a major problem in social service, revealed through high turnover, poor quality of working life, and work-related illnesses such as stress: â€Å"stress is more common amongst social workers than either the general population or health care workers, due to the sensitivity and responsiveness to the difficult problems presented by clients which their work requires† (Ramon and Morris, 2004, page 7). As noted above, lack of motivation provision within organisational culture not only results in all the complications described here, but is also connected to low job performance. Here, the organisational culture influences service provision in a negative manner, by creating a culture of de-motivation, where the care worker feels impotent: â€Å"The statements indicate the relationships between experiencing stress, level of control, autonomy and flexibility within their job or role† (Ramon and Morris, page 8). There are also conflicting social cultures within the w ider environment which contribute to this absence of motivation: the western world generally emphasises self-help and chastises those who are dependent upon government assistance: â€Å"A further layer was poor morale, associated with an inquiry on child protection (a feature shared with a number of similar departments), and the experience of a culture which tended to view stress as reflecting individual weakness† (Ramon and Morris, 7, but also visible in the wider media). There is in fact very little evidence for leadership as part of organisational culture within the social services, although some research has suggested that leadership culture within social care may be negative: â€Å"This vindication of the pessimistic view of the team leaders group highlights the defensiveness of some senior managers of social services departments who view constructive criticism as an affront† (Ramon and Morris, 19). The account of leadership culture within the social care department suggests an organisation that emphasises leadership above productivity and worker satisfaction – other parts of the essay note staff complaining about impolite and inconsiderate leadership styles. Despite an espoused value of worker importance, the basic assumption appears to be that leadership is most valued, and criticism by lower staff members is not acceptable. Poor communication culture lies at the heart of social care training. Ramon and Morris note â€Å"Improved communication between management and staff† as one of the goals of their research (Ramon and Morris, page 10), suggesting at the very least that the organisation culture of the social services is one of negligence towards communications, other sections of their essay suggest that communication is exceedingly poor â€Å"Poor communication and consultation within the organisational culture was identified as the major cause for stress,. As noted above, this can seriously affect performance, in this instance service provision† (Ramon and Morris, 19). In the following example, the necessary NVQ was preceded by a questionnaire upon the values of the workers involved; these reveal quite different values from those of the NVQ modules – an emphasis upon personal quality of life offered by the workers is altered to education on health care and understanding of residen t’s social issues. â€Å"Almost without exception, role development was identified as impor ­tant; most viewed this to be within the care sector at a higher grade or entering nurse training. Significantly, male staff perceived their role pro ­gression to be to that of care home manager or owner† (Winter and Meehan, 2004, page 6) While most of the workers described personal lives as more important or as important as work, and valued honesty and equal opportunities for staff, instead, emphasis was placed upon NVQs with modules such as â€Å"Fostering people’s equality, diversity and rights†, where the focus was upon the residents’ needs rather than staff equality. Training within the NVQ did not cater for male staff’s ambitions, or for personal quality of life. Here we can see Social Care with a series Espoused Values (care and motivation of staff; better staff retention; valuing employees) which contradict the actions of the area, with it s emphasis upon residential equality and the gaining of IT skills, suggesting that the Basic Assumptions do not match – the basic assumptions might be â€Å"care of the residents is more important than staff satisfaction† and â€Å"IT training will improve motivation and help retention†, or even â€Å"training will improve the care given†. It is worth noting that, while 92% of staff thought the NVQ training would improve motivation, only 50% thought it would improve staff retention – one of the stated aims of the training. Emphasis upon training therefore appears to bear little correlation to workers’ performance; it also does not appear to have improved the motivation or turnover of care staff. The purpose of this essay has been to consider how organisational culture influences the provision of services within social care. One thing that has become clear from this research is that the organisational culture of social services relies heavily upon charismatic leadership to develop the stated values of the department. However, the culture also places limitations upon staff criticisms of leaders, meaning that desirable change may be limited or even prevented: for instance, Michelle Johnson and Michael Austin have suggested that the organization culture of local social services contained barriers to the creation of evidence-based practice, including the fact that there was â€Å"Little history, culture or expectation that evidence is routinely and systematically used to underpin practice† (Austin and Johnson, 87). This problem is undoubtedly one of leadership culture preventing better evidence-based practice from being developed. A secondary problem is that of communicati ons – as Ramon and Morris noted, official communication was resented, being seen as an imposition from above (page 19), and there was limited value placed within the culture for cross-company consultation. These details may seem to relate only to staff members, but clearly they have a role in the outcome of service provision to clients or residents. The lack of motivation experienced by staff members, including stress and feelings of impotence, impact the service they offer to clients, particularly when the unconscious assumption is that these clients are both ‘independent’ of the care provider, and under the control of that same provider. Leadership issues prevent the adequate solving of problems – the basic assumptions of the group meaning that challenges to senior management are dismissed, or regarded as an affront to the leadership. This assumption has prevented the adoption of beneficial policies within the workplace, and has probably limited schemes which would also have aided service provision. Communication between departments within the social services has been justly criticised in the past, and it is clear that a problematic relationship with senior manage ment is also indicative of problems in communication, data being rejected by staff members if it appears to come from management. All of these actions reveal the unconscious assumptions of social workers, both towards colleagues and towards their clients. The application of organisational culture theory to social care offers an opportunity to better understand the role that basic assumptions and values take in the provision of services to clients. Attempts to create a more evidence-based practice have emphasised the importance of a corresponding change in the culture of social work, offering an alternative to the problematic assumptions which can be found in the current organisation’s culture and practice. Works Cited Anderson-Wallace, Murray, and Chris Blantern (2005) â€Å"Working with Culture† in Organisational Development in Healthcare Peck, Edward (ed) Radcliffe Publishing, 2005. Austin, Michael J, and Jennette Claassen (2008) â€Å"Impact of organizational culture: implications for introducing evidence-based practice† Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work Volume 5 no 1-2 (2008) pp. 321-359 Austin, Michael J, and Michelle Johnson (2006) â€Å"Evidence-based practice in the Social Services: Implications for Organizational Change† Administration in Social Work Volume 30, no 3 (2006) pp 75-104 Brown, Andrew (1998) Organisational Culture Essex, Pearson Education Ltd Schein, Edgar H (1992) Organisational Culture and Leadership San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers. Ramon, Shulamit and Lana Morris (2004) â€Å"Responding to perceived stress in a social services department: applying a participative strategy† retrieved 13/09/2008 from http://www.britsoc.co.uk/user_doc/Morris.pdf Winter, Jane, and Lyn Meehan (2004) â€Å"The value of integrated workforce planning across the local health and social care economy: a case study† Clinical Governance Bulletin Volume 5, no. 2 Jul 2004 pp 6-8