Should drivers of automobiles be prohibited from using cellular phones Essay - 1

Should drivers of autos be disallowed from utilizing mobile phones - Essay Example (Lissy et al p. 67) An investigation has been distributed in the Journal of Experimental Psychology and this examination loans confidence to this position. It indicated that a subject connected at the same time in driving and a verbal undertaking (rehashing the expressions of the experimenter) outwardly checked an a lot littler zone outside of the vehicle than when not occupied with such an optional errand (Recarte and Nunes p. 31-42). Performing straightforward spatial symbolism errands while driving (e.g., mental turn of letters) made the checked zone contract much more. Pundits refer to this investigation (among numerous others) to support the position that any errand which fundamentally possesses a driver's psychological assets, (for example, chatting on a phone) may negatively affect wellbeing (by making the driver less inclined to see surprising occasions) and, along these lines, ought to be tended to by enactment. Driver interruption is a distinct issue as far as its effect on wellbeing. National Highways Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) gauges that 25 percent of car crashes include probably some level of interruption on the administrator's part, albeit just a little division of these include the utilization of mobile phones. (Dreyer et al p. 1814) Driver interruption is a long-standing concern, one that has been bantered for over 90 years.

About the Duties of Husband and Wives free essay sample

By Benjamin Wadsworth, A Well Ordered Family About the Duties of Husbands and Wives Concerning the obligations of this connection we may declare a couple of things. It is their obligation to abide along with each other. Doubtlessly they ought to abide together; in the event that one house can't hold them, unquestionably they are not influenced to one another as they ought to be. They ought to have an incredible and delicate love and warmth to each other. This is doubtlessly told by god. This obligation of adoration is shared; it ought to be performed b y one another, to one another. When, consequently, they squabble or dissent, at that point they accomplish the Devil’s work; he is please at it, happy of it. Be that as it may, such dispute incites God; it shames Him; it is a despicable model before inferiors in the family; it will in general forestall family petition. As to outward things. On the off chance that the one is debilitated, grieved or upset, the other should show care, delicacy, pity, and sympathy, and bear the cost of all conceivable alleviation and aid. We will compose a custom exposition test on About the Duties of Husband and Wives or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They ought to in like manner join together and their judicious direction and attempt serenely to keep up themselves and the family under their joint consideration. A couple ought to show restraint toward another. On the off chance that both are genuinely devout, yet neither of them is splendidly blessed, in such cases a patient, pardoning, abstaining soul is needful. You, accordingly, that are married couples, don't bother each blunder or misstep, each off-base or rushed word, each wry advance just as it were a stubbornly structured excruciating wrongdoing; for this would before long break all to pieces: yet rather put the best development on things, and hold on for and excuse one another’s failings. The husband’s government should be delicate and simple, and the wife’s acquiescence prepared and bright. The spouse is known as the leader of the lady. It has a place with the head to control and oversee. Spouses are a piece of the house and family, and should be under the husband’s government. However his administration ought not be with meticulousness, haughtiness, cruelty, seriousness, yet the best love, delicacy, thoughtfulness, delicacy that might be. In spite of the fact that he administers her, he much not treat her as a hireling, yet as his own substance; he should adore her as himself. Those spouses are a lot to accuse who don't convey it affectionately and sympathetic to their wives. O Man, if your significant other isn't so your, wonderful, sound, all around tempered, and qualified as you would wish: on the off chance that she didn't carry a huge home to you, or can't accomplish such a great deal for you, as certain ladies have accomplished for their spouses; yet she is your better half, nd the incomparable God orders you to cherish her, be not harsh yet kind to her. What came be all the more plain and expressive that that? Those spouses are a lot to accuse who don't convey it affectionately and loyally to their own husbands. O lady, if your better half isn't as youthful, wonderful, sound, so all around tempered, and qualified as you could wish; on the off chance that he has not such capacities, wealth, praises, as some other have; yet he is your significant other, and the incomparable God orders you to love, respect and obey him. Truly, however perhaps you have more noteworthy capacities of psyche than he has, are of some high birth, and he of a progressively basic birth, or brought more domain, yet since he is your better half, God has made him your head, and set him above you, and made it your obligation to love and love him. Guardians should act astutely and judiciously in the coordinating of their kids. They should try that they may wed somebody who is progressively legitimate to them, well on the way to carry gifts to them.

3 Ways to Grow Output and Sales with MeisterTask Business + Smart Automations - Focus

3 Ways to Grow Output and Sales with MeisterTask Business + Smart Automations - Focus If youre part of a large business, managing your tasks can present some very unique opportunities and challenges. In this article, well share how you can collate all team deadlines, tasks and project communications in one place, while giving sales a boost, with the help of MeisterTask Business and Zapiers automations. Smart Project Management with MeisterTask Business and Zapier Keeping everyone informed of project progress, deadlines and responsibilities can be tricky, particularly when working across different teams and offices.  However, via transparent project boards and a few smart task automations, juggling tasks can become far more manageable. With MeisterTask Business, your team can keep all project information and supporting collaterals in one place, readily available for all team members. Additionally, with roles permissions, project data and user abilities can be managed centrally and securely. Then, using Zapier for Teams, your team can create a wide range of automations that will keep things running all on their own. If you haven’t yet come across Zapier, it connects MeisterTask with 1,000+ other apps via workflow automations, or in their lingo ‘Zaps’. By setting up a Zap, you can send information to and from your favorite apps, automating outcomes. Need to create a follow-up task in MeisterTask every time a sales query enters your email inbox? Zapier have you covered! 3 Ways to Grow Output and Sales with MeisterTask Business + Zapier What connects Zapier for Teams and MeisterTask Business is the shared focus on providing efficient task and project management, specifically for enterprise teams. Via the following time-saving workflows, teams can ensure that project data is collated in transparent, secure project boards while lining up new sales leads all at the same time: 1. Keep Stakeholders in the Loop Without Lifting a Finger Effective task management for the enterprise begins with a clear project plan and effective task delegation. Transparent, Secure Project Boards To achieve effective task management, a transparent project roadmap, listing all upcoming, assigned tasks, can go a long way. However, your team will also want to manage how project members are able to alter tasks and projects themselves, without prior permission. Let’s say you have a client that you’d like to keep in the loop with project progress. Youd like to involve  them in task-related discussions, but wouldnt want them to add extra tasks without prior discussion. Using roles permissions, you can restrict their ability to alter a shared project and do just that.   Roles permissions is a feature exclusively available on MeisterTask Business, which enables project admins to assign a different role to each project member.   The roles currently available under MeisterTask Business include: Administrator  who has full control over the project and its properties, meaning they can change the way sections are set up, add integrations and section actions, as well as manage the roles and permissions of other project members. Member who can manage tasks in the project (create, modify, assign, complete, archive, trash etc.) but cannot change any project properties. Commenter who can view and comment on tasks, but otherwise cannot modify them in any way. When a Commenter comments on a task, they are automatically added as a Watcher and are notified of changes made in the task. Read only who can open the project and view all tasks individually, but cannot edit the project or its contents in any way. So, in the case of a client, you could add them to the project as a Commenter, enabling them to leave questions and feedback, without actually modifying tasks. With roles permissions, if a member of your project previously had the right to create new tasks  but is then downgraded to Commenter or Read-only, any Zapier automations that previously created new tasks will become invalid. Read more on how roles permissions affect Zaps via our help article. Automated Updates with Slack and HipChat Additionally, you can optimize your project communication workflow with Zapier automations between MeisterTask and your favorite chat tools. With the Slack and HipChat Zaps, you can keep your whole team in the loop by automatically sending MeisterTask updates on project progress to your chosen chat channels. With Slack, you can share all of your project updates in one fell swoop, by posting a digest of your MeisterTask updates on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis: Or, if you use HipChat and would like to update your team more frequently, set up an update for every time a MeisterTask task is completed: With either approach, you can update your team on project progress periodically, without even lifting a finger. 2. Collate All Project Meetings and Deadlines in One Place When attempting to stay on top of communication across multiple teams, offices and tools, there’s a chance that tasks and deadlines can slip through the gaps. However, with one centralized task management tool  and Zapier automations to collate all project information appointments and deadlines become easier to handle. Productive Task ManagementDiscover MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started Never Miss a Meeting To manage his schedule, Bradley Ellison, Director and General Manager of Financial firm Equitem, ensures that all client meetings are recorded and attended via the Google Calendar to MeisterTask Zap. To collate all dates in one place, his uses the Google Calendar integration with Zapier to turn his team’s calendar events into tasks within MeisterTask.   For each new client, the team creates a new project board for the partnership. Then, as soon as a new calendar event is added in Google Calendar, a relevant task is automatically created in the linked MeisterTask project, via the Zap. As a result, all upcoming appointments are listed within their upcoming tasks, and with an added due date, can be viewed via the MeisterTask calendar view. This way, the team stays on top of all appointments and save time, as there’s no need to switch between multiple apps to view upcoming dates. Collate All Deadlines in One Place Deadlines can also be imported to your project via various team communication tools, ensuring all deadlines are collated in one place. For example, if you set up a label within Gmail called ‘[project name] deadline’, you can create a Zap that converts all emails labeled as such into tasks in your chosen MeisterTask project. The subsequent task will include: The email subject line as the task name The body of the email within the task notes The email address to get back to, also within the task notes You can then set a deadline for the task too, to ensure the task is completed in good time. Once a due date is added, all deadlines can be viewed as tasks according to their deadline in MeisterTasks  Calendar View. Remember that with MeisterTask Business, you can also manage who is able to modify the details of each task. This way, you can rest assured that only Project Admins and Project Members are able to alter upcoming deadlines. 3. Grow Your Client Base with a Sales Lead to MeisterTask Zap If you’re a client-serving company, one of the top priorities is to acquire new business. Here’s how MeisterTask and Zapier can help with your sales acquisition and CRM process: Creating a Successful Sales Project and CRM System To achieve a regular flow of business, the sales team at OPITZ CONSULTING who manage over 600 clients between their team of 450 use MeisterTask Business to manage their sales process: “We use MeisterTask on the sales teams, particularly where we have bigger sales pitches and leads. Via our sales pitch project board, we can move customers through from potential lead to acquired client,” Torsten Schlautmann, Head of HR, Controlling Administration at OPITZ CONSULTING, shared. “In our project, we create a task per sales pitch. We attach all supporting materials and set the pitch date as the due date. Then we assign relevant team members as ‘watchers’, meaning they’re notified of all task updates. We also tag the tasks to specify the type of sale and who’s involved. This way, our management team can have a quick visual overview of sales progress and filter pitches via relevant tags.” Add Sales Leads Automatically with Zapier With Zapier for Teams, you can then automate the process of adding new potential clients to the ‘New Leads’ section of your project board. To do this, first create a simple project board in MeisterTask for qualified sales leads, with a section for each stage of your sales funnel. Then, set up a Zap between MeisterTask and your favorite lead-generation tools, for example, Salesforce or Facebook Ads: Via the Zap, every time a sales lead is added in Salesforce or Facebook Ads, a task will automatically be created in your MeisterTask Lead Funnel project board ready for you to convert them into an acquired customer! So those are our tips for boosting your teams output  across project management, team productivity and client acquisition. If you have any questions or suggestions of your own, we’d love to hear them in the comments below! You might also enjoy reading  Customer Story: World-Class Project Management with MeisterTask Business Global Team ManagementDiscover MeisterTask Get Started Its free! Get Started

The Major Causes Of The French Revolution - 798 Words

The French Revolution paved the way for liberty and equality for the country of France. In order for this to happen, France had to eliminate some major obstacles including King Louis XVI. The problems in France ultimately resulted in a rebellion. Though the American Revolution provided a model of rebellion for revolution in France, the major concepts of the Enlightenment joined with the struggle of the bourgeoisie against the nobility to fuel the revolution; the new ideas included equality, leadership, and economic struggle. The short and long term factors of the revolution along with many other different problems in France ultimately led to the French people rising up to make a change. The lack of equality was a critical issue and a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"On July 14, 1789, parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory known as the bastille†(). The inequality between the three estates finally became too much and there was a major problem in France that formed. Another of the biggest problems during the french revolution was economic problems. These problems had to do with the american revolution along with the french revolution. The money in france at this time was in the first and second estates. The third estate had almost no money. The taxes in france were raised every time france was in need of money and this caused havoc with all the people in france. â€Å"Unlike the british, who had a system of public-supported poor relief, the French responded to poverty with ad hoc policies when conditions became acute.†(). Also money in france was going to america to support the American revolution and therefore the people in france were paying tax money that was not even benefiting them. â€Å"At a time when france was experiencing economic crisis, the government was drastically short of money. Yet french governmental extravagance continued to grow due to costly wars†.() Finally another major problem around economics in france at t his time was food. During this time food was very valuable because not many people had money, the problem was that there was a drought meaning crops could not grow leavingShow MoreRelatedThe Major Causes Of The French Revolution Of 1789853 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution of 1789 was one of the biggest upheavals in history. You may be wondering what exactly led this to happen, but there was multiple long range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions ultimately led to the discontent of many French people especially those of the third estate. The ideals of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. Before the revolution, the majority of France was living in poverty. Peasants were entirely at mercy of their classRead MoreThe French and Indian War Was a Major Cause of the American Revolution1482 Words   |  6 Pagesopen hostilities between the French and the Americans. The French occupied parts of Canada but also wanted a stake in America. Its means to do this was through the Ohio Valley it maintained. However, the colonists were bound to permeate this area in their push towards the west. And as they did, competition for the lush lands flared up and came to a breaking point. This directly lead to the French and Indian War with the Indians, for the most part, siding with the French against Britain. The eventsRead More French Revolution Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pages Why was there a French Revolution? Between, 1789  ¡V 1799, many events occurred in France that caused an outbreak within the people thus leading to a revolution. This culminated in the France becoming a democratic government. This essay will argue that the resentment of absolute government, financial difficulties, the famine, rise of philosophes and the ongoing feud between the estates are all the major causes of why there was a revolution in France. Firstly before going into the topic, the wordRead MoreDifferences Between the French and American Revolutions1362 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions Sometimes a revolution can take place within a country against its own current state of government, other times a revolution can take place externally to rid a country of another countrys influence. There are many components that are involved in a revolution taking place. One must consider the causes or reasons of the situation, the events that occur during the revolution and the effects or aftermath that had been created by that revolution. There were major differencesRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution of 1789 was one of the biggest upheavals in history. You may be wondering what exactly led this to happen, but there were multiple long range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions ultimately led to the discontent of many French people especially those of the third estate. The ideals of the Enlightenment brought new views to government and society. Before the revolution, the majority of France were living in poverty. Peasants were entirelyRead MoreCauses of the French Revolution During the period of 1789-1799 people lived much differently than700 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the French Revolution During the period of 1789-1799 people lived much differently than individuals do today and there were many reasons for this. During the French Revolution there was a large amount of taxation for certain class groups, â€Å"While average tax rates were higher in Britain, the burden on the common people was greater in France† (GNU, 2008, pg. 2). Due to these large taxations on the peasants and lower class and not on the clergy and nobles it caused excessive conflict betweenRead MoreMain Causes Of The French Revolution996 Words   |  4 PagesThe commencement of the French Revolution arranged the country of France being at the brink of bankruptcy. Causes for this brink are easily seen. King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, lavished money on themselves and residences such as Versailles. Queen Marie especially, over spending money and was seen as a wasteful spender. The government, found that funds were depleting due to wars in the same manner as the funding for the American Revolution. Deficit spending, a government spending moreRead MoreDifference Between French Revolution And American Revolution1217 Words   |  5 PagesDifference between French Revolution and American Revolution Western Europe and the Colonies in the New World experienced major wars during the 18 century: the American Revolution (1775-1783) and the French Revolution (1789-1799), Both were inspired by the philosophy of the Enlightenment; both were the results of oppression the people had to suffer [at] the hands of their rulers. ..and [both] succeeded in toppling the monarchy Difference). Even though these two revolutions were similar in timeRead MoreThe Enlightment and the French Revolution1263 Words   |  6 PagesFrance during the 18th century, there was a system named the Ancien rà ©gime, which refers to the societal, economic and political structure of France before the French Revolution. At the top of the pyramid was the absolute monarch Louis XVI. He took the throne in 1774 and received it with problems that couldn’t be fixed. (French Revolution Overview 6) Below the king came the first estate which was made of 100,000 nobles. Then came the second estate was made of 300,000 clergy. Finally came the thirdRead MoreThe French Revolution1575 Words   |  7 Pagesworking to free itself from royal absolutism. This period is historically known as the French Revolution. Many scholars do not agree on the chronology of the French Revolution; some scholars suggest that the Revolution took place between 1789 to 1799 while others feel that it did not end until Napoleon lost power in 1815. To better understand the history of the French Revolution it is necessary to discuss the causes, major events, significant figures, and the outcomes associated with these political developments

Amys bread case study Essay - 2255 Words

Nicholas Mustico Case Study Amy’s Bread Case Study Questions 1. Who are the main players (name and position)? The main Player in this is Amy Scherber and she is the manager and owner. Another main character is Toy Kim Dupree and he is Amy’s assistant manager. 2. In what business or businesses and industry or industries is the company operating? Amy’s bread is in the business of selling bread products both wholesale and retail. They sell primarily to high quality restaurants, hotels and food shops. 3. What are the issues and problems facing the company? (Sort them by importance and urgency.) It is hard to make a large profit because Amy pays her employees a higher amount then the other business in her field. She also has to†¦show more content†¦She would be in a newly developing retail market with access to foot traffic. She would also be able to meet all her whole sale needs. To top it off she would be able to design the layout of the building to fit her exact needs. The disadvantages of this are that it is very expensive. She would get everything that she is looking for but at a substantially higher price then the other two options. 10. Are there any possible problems with your suggested recommendations? What contingencies need to be accommodated? My recommendation would be to choose the third option. It is the most expensive but Amy has already demonstrated that she has a sharp business minded and is able to build business and promote it. The retail space will help spread the word of how good her bread actually is and word of mouth is the best advertisement they could have. The biggest problem that they could have is if they start to loose customers. A second problem would be if the market begins to shift away from the cravings of bread. Or another problem could be that they simply do not add enough customers to be able to afford the new space. Case Study Analysis Narrative Format Case title: Amy’s Bread Student: Nicholas Mustico Date: 3-18-2013 Course: Management Principles Firm Overview and Introduction to the Case (Use this and all headings in your narrative) In this first section of the narrative, you will provide a brief description of theShow MoreRelatedAmys Bread Case Study1532 Words   |  7 PagesAmy’s Bread Case Study Elements 1.) The primary case participants are: Amy Scherber, owner of Amy’s Bread Toy Kim Dupree – manager of Amy’s Bread who is very involved in day to day operations and decision making. 2.) The organization is Amy’s bread. The industry is baked goods. 3.) The problems facing this organization in order of importance are: the existing workload is too great for space making product expansion impossible. They are at a threat of having customers turn awayRead MoreEssay about Amys Bread Case Study and Narrative1921 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study Questions 1. Who are the main players (name and position)? Amy Scherber - owner and founder of Amy’s Bread Toy Kim Dupree – manager of Amy’s Bread who is very involved in day to day operations and decision making and is also very trusted by Amy. 2. In what business or businesses and industry or industries is the company operating? Amy’s Bread is a specialty bread and pasty store. They specialize in handmade baked goods and are a wholesale supplier to many of New York’s prominentRead MoreEssay on unit 401528 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 40 assignment 2 Case study Amy has dementia and lives in a residential home. In the mornings Amy has always been able to get out of bed and get dressed with some minimal support and then walk independently down to the dining area where she has chosen to have breakfast. Over the past week Amy has been staying in bed longer and longer; she is reluctant to get up in the morning and does not do very much for herself when getting dressed. Her mobility has reduced also and she has started toRead MoreLanguage: Helen Keller, Frederick Douglass , Amy Tan1635 Words   |  7 Pagesaround us, gives meaning to everything and gives birth to emotions and feelings; a world without language would be meaningless and very lonely. Language it’s what help us grow up, the more we learn through it, the more we desire to experience and study in deep, leading us to new prospective, opening our mind to more specific and deep concepts, ideas, projects, goals. We really can’t live our life to the best without it, we are no t the same without language and we can only give it the right importanceRead MoreEthics In The Workplace Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagestruly hurt people. Poor ethics can damage their career, happiness, and quality of living. Not only can these actions hurt the individual who has made the bad choices, but also most often it hurts the innocent. This essay will provide two actual case studies; one of positive ethical principles and the other of poor ethical principles. Ethics are the driving force behind good business. Every ethical choice made by a professional can and will have a much different outcome than any unethical choice.Read More Immigrant Reality Exposed in Bread Givers Essay3294 Words   |  14 PagesImmigrant Reality Exposed in Bread Givers  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   For thousands of years people have left their home country in search of a land of milk and honey. Immigrants today still equate the country they are immigrating to with the Promised Land or the land of milk and honey. While many times this Promised Land dream comes true, other times the reality is much different than the dream. Immigration is not always a perfect journey. There are many reasons why families immigrate and there are perceptionRead MoreWomens Value of Money1342 Words   |  6 PagesIn our current society women have become a double edged sword. Beyond marrying and having children women have begun making huge advancements in their careers. The female society has grown strongly independent and competitive with men, and in many cases money lies at the center of this conflict. Women simply care just as much, if not more, about money when compared to men. Women are required to shop and spend more money on products in our society. Women have begun earning college degrees and enteringRead MoreDescription Of A Course Coordinator1909 Words   |  8 PagesID Number Degree programme and year of study (e.g. BA IBFE, 2nd year) Course code Course title Name of Course Coordinator Title of assignment (as given by the Course Coordinator) â€Æ' What is management? Management is the process of ensuring that an organization or company is able to operate in both the immediate and near future. Managers are charged with making decisions that will impact an organization on every level. http://saunders.rit.edu/programs/undergraduate/management/what-is.php How you determineRead More The Negative Effects Of Gluten and Grain Based Diets Essay2548 Words   |  11 PagesThe elimination of gluten resulted in immediate changes in her learning abilities, fatigue and attention difficulties. Any one can be affected by gluten. The agonizing symptoms do not discriminate on gender, age, or race. This is proved in Karen’s case, being that she is only nine years old. How can parents protect their children if they do not know what is wrong with them? The effects of gluten on the body are endless and traumatic, but why? Wheat has been around for a very long time, so why theRead MoreOn Mother-Daughter Relationship in the Women Warrior6552 Words   |  27 Pagesstory of a woman s struggle with identity as a minority in American culture. The Woman Warrior was written by Maxine Hong Kingston and published by Vintage Books in 1975. It is semi-autobiographical, incorporating many elements of fiction. In any case, her work stands as an example of postmodernism in American Literature, demonstrated by the fact that although it lacks any kind of continuous storyline, one can still find it interesting. Through this novel, Kingston explores ethnicity and gender

PSY Assignment Free Essays

I think that more than half of the student population at accredited u enlistees have tallest tried a drug that would enhance their focus for the sake of doing well In one of more classes. Step 2: (Hypothesis): The hypothesis Is that more than half of the student population at credited universities have used a performance or cognitive enhancer to do well In one of more classes. Step 3 (Predictions): Possible outcomes for this experiment is that 1) None of the stud . We will write a custom essay sample on PSY Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now NET are aging performance or cognitive enhancing drugs 2) None of the students are admit Eng to taking performance or cognitive enhancing drugs 3) All or some students will admit to taking g performance or cognitive enhancing Step 4 (Research Method): For this experiment it would be best to do an Survey. A sure very would allow the participants to remain anonymous if they wish to do so and this mix HTH also incline them to be more honest. Step 5 (Subject population) : Age: 1823, Gender: Both male and female, Education: undergraduate and/ or In an undergraduate program, Location: University of Arizona, Arizona State university and Northern State University. Today a research method benefits me because It helps me understand how to proper lay collect and record data to find the results of any question that I want the answer to. With the psychology research method It Is easier to effectively test subjects while upholding all the ethical guldens set by the American Psychological Escalation (PAP). Since all the steps are easy to fool low as of today feel that I can successfully pick a topic that I want to research and find an NAS were to it. How to cite PSY Assignment, Papers

Princess and the Frog free essay sample

This is a movie filled with cultural differences and cultural bias. Throughout this paper, one will read about cultural identity and cultural bias found within the movie. In addition to cultural identity and cultural bias, the concept of cultural patterns and what types of cultural patterns that are exhibited in the film will also be discussed. Cultural Identity Generating a cultural identity for animated characters on the silver screen is not a simple task. Screenplay writers must address the many layers that form an individual’s cultural identity and seamlessly integrate those pieces into the personality of the imagined character. A successful animated character is one that the audience relates to on a personal level. The character has realistic, relatable personality traits yet keeps the element of fantasy and surrealism that audience members expect from an animated movie. This expectation is increased many times over when the animated film bears the Disney logo. In the film The Princess and the Frog (2009), Disney animators chose to make the new princess an African American woman from New Orleans, Louisiana. For the screenplay writers, directors, and animators, this meant they needed to dissect the intricate relationship between racial, gender, regional, and national cultural identity to create believable characters. Brief Synopsis: The Princess and the Frog is about a young girl who lives in New Orleans named Tiana. Tiana lives with her mother, who works for a wealthy white family, the LaBouff family. The LaBouff family has a young daughter named Charlotte and Tiana’s mother, Eudora, is making a dress for Charlotte. Tiana and her mother are really close to Charlotte; she is around the same age as Tiana. Charlotte enjoys fairy tales so Eudora reads the story of The Frog Prince. While reading the story, Charlotte becomes infatuated with the idea of kissing a frog and turning it into a prince, while Tiana is not so enthused. After the story is complete, Tiana and her mother go home. Upon arriving at home, Tiana’s father James is already there preparing gumbo; Tiana’s favorite. As the meal is finished, her father tells Tiana about his dream to one day open his own restaurant. Tiana responds by stating that she wants to help; her father claims they will call it Tianas Place. Upon seeing the Evening Star outside her window, Tiana makes a wish, to which her father explains that wishing can only go so far, and that she has to help that wish along. The remainder of the movie follows Tiana as she strives to keep her father’s dream alive. In order to do so, Tiana worked and worked, only to save a majority of the money for her restaurant. In the end, Tiana fulfills her father’s dream and lived happily ever after with her prince named Naveen. Tiana and Naveen As the main protagonists of the film, Tiana and Naveen are the natural choice for demonstrating the vast differences in cultural values between the United States and the imaginary European country Naveen purportedly hails from. Tiana is a representation of the American dream that success is available to anyone regardless of station so long as that person is willing to sacrifice and work hard to achieve the dream (Stiuliuc, 2011). Within the first few scenes after the opening credits, Tiana is depicted as hard working and frugal, eschewing relationships, entertainment, and even sleep to achieve her dream of opening a restaurant. In sharp contrast to diligent Tiana, the introduction of Prince Naveen leaves no doubt that he irresponsible and far more interested in life’s pleasures than he is of taking responsibility for his behavior. In terms of cultural cues, this depiction of a pseudo-royal from an imagined European country represents the stereotype of decadence within the royal families and ruling class in Europe, (Stiuliuc, 2011). In addition to the national cultural identity portrayed by Tiana, another inescapable part of her identity is that she is an African American woman. However, in regard to portraying accurate racial and gender cultural cues from the inferred time period of the movie, namely 1920s New Orleans, Disney failed to provide enough examples of the racial tensions of the time to create a believable 1920s African American woman (Gehlawat, 2010). The only depiction of any type of tension occurs early in the movie between Tiana and the two bankers. The bankers hint, though do not outright state that race is the reason, that they will not sell an abandoned sugar mill to Tiana because of her background, (The Princess and the Frog, 2010). Aside from this, the only other depictions of the racial segregations and tensions of the time come in the beginning of the movie. The movie contrasts the beautiful home of the le Bouff family with the shanty house that Tiana lives in with her family as a child (Gehlawat, 2010). Later in the film, the New Orleans portrayed is more an idealized version of history than an accurate depiction of the times in that it is completely desegregated and people from various social statuses mingle freely. Concept and examples of cultural patterns What are concepts and patterns of cultures? I would have to say it is what a culture shares or communicates through time. Some good examples of this would be clothes, food, social relations, words, phrases, dance, music, ethics and the list goes on almost infinitely. In the princess and the frog they chose to use a time and place conducive to their version of the story. The period they chose to use, the Southern State of Louisiana and its pearl New Orleans during the Jazz Era. As you may well know, the city New Orleans was no longer subjugated to the rule of slavery, but it was still very much segregated as they portrayed lightly in the movie. Princess Tiana- then just Tiana, lived in the black slums of the city with her mother, and would travel everyday up to the inner city for work in a cafe, cooking good creole food, the most important of which were her Beignets. This was not an uncommon practice back then among the black community. However not everyone had it as good as Tiana, in fact most worked for the infamous sugar barons, and cottons kings of the day as share croppers back then. Sugar and cotton were the most important crops that city had to offer so it made since to be a share croppers back then. Share Cropping is simply the owner of land allowing a person to live on that land while the owner takes a large percentage of the crops. In other words, it is no way for anyone to live. But how do you escape the hardship and pain of barely making ends meet? The answer to this question is simply music and cultural freedom. Music helps to relieve the soul of whatever is ailing it, and cultural freedom helps to aid in self-expression. Since this was the jazz era, there was a whole lot of self-expression going on. Let’s think about the sound track for a moment here, Disney chose a well-known jazz singer performer song writer Randy Newman and, the Brass band known as the Dirty Dozen to put together the music that helped in bringing the movie to life. I think Randy’s goal was to try and recreate the passion of the time with his music, focusing on the sound of the horns and the rawness of his vocal inflections while performing the pieces. What a great job Randy did working with Disney to recreate a place on innovation and majesty. In combination with the Architecture, food, colors, music, and customs Disney really made you feel as if you were stepping back into the roaring twenties in New Orleans. Cultural Bias Cultural biases are a normal part of human nature. Individuals tend to see themselves as belonging to a specific group based on ethnic origin, regional association, or nationality. It is this sense of cultural belonging that leads individuals to develop biases toward those they recognize as belonging to a different group. These cultural biases are demonstrated through behaviors like stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice, discrimination, and racism. In the movie, The Princess and the Frog, there were quite a few cultural biases depicted throughout the movie. In the presentation of the main characters, Tiana and Naveen, there was a very specific racial issue that caused much speculation. If the movie was supposed to focus on African American characters, why was Tiana’s Prince not African American? There were also some racial biases, such as the antagonists in the movie having a darker skin tone than the protagonists, even though the animators intended for the protagonists to be people of color. Voodoo was also a big cultural bias used in this Disney movie. The New Orleans area is almost synonymous with the place where all African Americans who practice voodoo go to live. Voodoo is a cultural bias, in itself, because it is a stereotype of what â€Å"evil† African Americans use to do bad things to people. According to Disney’s portrayal, Voodoo is not a specific religion, but a type of superstition or magic beliefs that people usually try to stay far away from. Some less obvious cultural bias’ in the movie were representations of American culture such as; Tiana’s hard working way of life making her a bore, the accents and way of speaking by the southern characters who live near the bayou, and the sexual bias that Tiana’s life was better once she found love and a man that she could marry (Dargis, 2009). Though these cultural biases were not directly stated in this children’s film, it was not hard to tell that Disney did include them hoping to entertain an audience. Verbal Intercultural communication With the different cultural backgrounds of the cast in the movie, The Princess and the Frog, some verbal intercultural communication theories are embedded. Most noticeable in this movie is Hofstede’s power distance theory. Power distance â€Å"refers to how much a culture does or does not accept and value hierarchical relationships and respect for authority,† Jim C. 2005) The Princess and the Frog highlights both ends of power distance, the low- power distance and the high-power distance. Eli Big Daddy La Bouff and her daughter Charlotte La Bouff exhibit the traits of a low-power distance family, while Tiana and her parents exhibit the traits of a high-power distance family. â€Å"Children raised in high power-distance cultures are expected to obey their parents without challenging or questioning them, while children raised in low power-distance cultures put less value on obedience and are taught to seek reasons or justifications for their parents’ actions,† (Lustig Koester, 2010). This trait is apparent from the beginning of the movie, when Tiana’s father inculcates the habit of hard work as a pathway to success. Although she made wishes with the evening star, her father emphasized that hard work has to follow wishes for it to come through. This teaching and believe systems from her father helped see her through her dreams of owning a restaurant, working two jobs and depriving herself of any form of pleasure to achieve her goal. She strictly adhered to what her father taught her as a child out of respect for the man who sacrificed so much to give her family a future. As the daughter of a wealthy man, Charlotte does not exhibit the same version of the American values that Tiana does. She was raised in a household full of riches and did not have to work for anything. She asks for no advice, takes no responsibility for her future, or lacks for any want. As demonstrated early in the movie, Charlotte need only ask her father for what she wants and she receives it without doing anything to earn it. She believed that her wishes could always come through by merely making wishes through the evening star. This represents the dark underbelly of American culture that runs counter to the belief that hard work, determination, and sacrifice will lead a person to success. Members of this counter-culture, regardless of racial identity or social class, appear to hold the belief that others will always provide for them, therefore they should not need to work for what they want or need. Conclusion The topics that are discussed throughout the paper are all topics that would be beneficial when communicating with people from other cultures. The topic of cultural differences is multi-dimensional and numerous areas exist. After reading this paper, one should have a better understanding of cultural identity, cultural bias, the concept of cultural patterns, and types of cultural patterns that are exhibited amongst various cultures.

An Amazing Love Story free essay sample

An Amazing Love Story He met her on a party. She was so outstanding, many guys chasing after her, while he so normal, nobody paid attention to him. At the end of the party, he invited her to have coffee with him, she was surprised, but due to being polite, she promised. They sat in a nice coffee shop, he was too nervous to say anything, she felt uncomfortable, she thought, please, let me go home. suddenly he asked the waiter. would you please give me some salt? Id like to put it in my coffee. Everybody stared at him, so strange! His face turned red, but still, he put the salt in his coffee and drank it. She asked him curiously; why you have this hobby? He replied: when I was a little boy, I was living near the sea, I like playing in the sea, Â  I could feel the taste of the sea, just like the taste of the salty coffee. We will write a custom essay sample on An Amazing Love Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now every time I have the salty coffee, I always think of my childhood, think of my hometown, I miss my hometown so much, I miss my parents who are still living there. While saying that tears filled his eyes. She was deeply touched. Thats his true feeling, from the bottom of his heart. A man who can tell out his homesickness, he must be a man who loves home, cares about home, has responsibility of home. Then she also started to speak, spoke about her faraway hometown, her childhood, her family. That was a really nice talk, also a beautiful beginning of their story. They continued to date. She found that actually he was a man who meets all her demands; he had tolerance, was kind hearted, warm, careful. He was such a good person but she almost missed him! Thanks to his salty coffee! Then the story was just like every beautiful love story , the princess arried to the prince, then they were living the happy life And, every time she made coffee for him, she put some salt in the coffeee, as she knew thats the way he liked it. After 40 years, he passed away, left her a letter which said: My dearest, please forgive me, forgive my whole life lie. This was the only lie I said to youthe salty coffee. Remember the first time we dated? I was so nervous at that time, actually I wanted some sugar, but I said salt It was hard for me to change so I just went ahead. I never thought that could be the start of our communication! I tried to tell you the truth many times in my life, but I was too afraid to do that, as I have promised not to lie to you for anything.. Now Im dying, I afraid of nothing so I tell you the truth: I dont like the salty coffee, what a strange bad taste.. But I have had the salty coffee for my whole life! Since I knew you, I never feel sorry for anything I do for you. Having you with me is my biggest happiness for my whole life. If I can live for the second time, still want to know you and have you for my whole life, even though I have to drink the salty coffee again. Her tears made the letter totally wet. Someday, someone asked her: whats the taste of salty coffee? Its sweet. She replied. Love is not 2 forget but 2 forgive, not 2 c but 2 understand, not 2 hear but 2 listen, not 2 let go but 2 HOLD ON !!!! Dont ever leave the one you love for the one you like, because the one you like will leave you for the one they love. Tonight your true love will realize how much they love you between 1 and 4 in the morning. Tomorrow the shock of your life will occur. Forget the things make u sad . Remember the things make u Glad

All the SAT Idioms You Need Complete List

All the SAT Idioms You Need Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Idiom questions on the SAT are different than most of the other grammar questions. Why? Idiom questions can't be figured out by applying a specific rule. You have to rely on your general knowledge of English and your familiarity with certain phrases. Because you’re likely to encounter a couple of idiom questions on the SAT Writing and Language subsection, I’ll provide you with some information about idioms that should help you raise your SAT score. In this post, I’ll do the following: Explain the concept of an idiom. Detail the most common type of idiom questions on the SAT Writing and Language subsection. Offer strategies to help you identify and correctly answer idiom questions. Give a thorough SAT idiom list to help guide your studying. Provide you with practice questions to test you on what you’ve learned. What Is an Idiom? Idioms are phrases or expressions that do not conform to simple rules. Each idiom, by definition, is unique. Most people think of idioms as expressions that often have figurative meanings different from their literal meanings. Examples of this type of idiom include "at the drop of the hat," "beat around the bush," and "in over (one's) head." However, the SAT does not test you on these colloquial expressions. SAT Writing and Language idiom questions will test you on different types of idioms. How Are Idioms Tested in SAT Writing and Language? While the SAT does not test you on the figurative expressions I referenced above, the SAT may test you on two types of idioms: prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives. Prepositional Idioms For prepositional idioms, you must know which prepositions to use with a given word based on the context of the sentence. For example, you should say that you're "interested in" something, not "interested at" something. You "focus on" something, not "focus at" something. There is no rule to determine the correct preposition to use. You must be familiar with the phrase or rely on what you think "sounds right." Here's an example sentence with a prepositional idiom: Because he laughed when his friend fell down, Justin was accused of being devoid at sympathy. You may encounter a sentence like this on your SAT. In the sentence, there is no violation of a specific grammar rule. However, "devoid at" is an idiom error. Why? Well, the correct phrase is "devoid of." The corrected version of the sentence looks like this: Because he laughed when his friend fell down, Justin was accused of being devoid of sympathy. The expression "devoid of" means without. Familiarity with the given expression greatly helps to identify an idiom error. There is another type of idiom that may be tested on the SAT. Idioms with Gerunds or Infinitives Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns and end in "ing." Examples of gerunds include running, jumping, and thinking. Infinitives are verbs used as nouns and are constructed by using the word "to" plus a verb. Examples of infinitives include to run, to jump, and to think. What are some examples of idioms with gerunds or infinitives? The correct phrase is "capable of being," not "capable as being." The proper idiomatic expression is "mind being,"not "mind to be."For these types of idioms, you need to know which preposition to use and whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. With some idioms, depending on the context, it is acceptable to use an infinitive or a gerund. Here's an example: I struggle to do geometry. Or, you can also write: I struggle doing geometry. Both sentences are correct. Here is a sentence with an idiom error: Bob insists at being annoying. Do you recognize the idiom error? Do you know the right idiom? This is the corrected version of the sentence: Bob insists on being annoying. Again, there is no rule to learn that lets you know that the phrase should be "insists on being" instead of "insists at being." This is another example of an idiom error: Julietends being worrisome. Check out the sentence after the idiom error is corrected: Julie tends to be worrisome. The infinitive form should be used with the word "tends" instead of the gerund form. Now let's look at idiom questions from the SAT. Real Examples Here are a couple of idiom questions from the College Board's practice tests. Explanation:The infinitive "to be" is incorrectly used with the verb "serves." In this sentence, the proper idiomatic expression is "serves as." The correct answer is B. See if you can figure out this idiom question: Explanation: The correct idiomatic expression is "as a means of." The answer is B. Why Are Idiom Questions Difficult/Easy? Why They're Difficult Idiom questions can be challenging because other grammar questions follow specific rules or patterns that can be applied to all sentences. Idiom questions test your knowledge of specific idiomatic expressions. Literally, there are thousands of idioms. It's not practical to try to remember each one. Furthermore, ESL students are less likely to be able to identify idiom errors. Those who have recently learned English have had less exposure to idiomatic expressions and can't learn all of the correct expressions by memorizing a rule. Why They're Easy Idiom questions are one of the few types of grammar questions where solely relying on what "sounds right" is likely to give you the right answer. These questions don't require you to understand and apply a rule. If you're familiar with the specific idioms that appear on your SAT, you can easily spot any idiom errors. SAT Tips for Idiom Questions #1: If a preposition, gerund, or infinitive is underlined, check for idiom errors. #2: The question may be testing idioms if the answer choices are all prepositions. #3:Keep a list of idioms that appear on practice tests. #4: Review and familiarize yourself with the list of idioms below. Complete List of SAT Writing Idioms While there are thousands of idioms in the English language, SAT idiom questions will most likely involveprepositional idioms or idioms with gerunds/infinitives. I've listed some of the more common prepositional idioms and idioms with gerunds/infinitives to help guide your studying. Idioms that have appeared on questions in the College Board’s practice tests are listed first. It's not practical for you to memorize every single idiom on this list. There will probably only be a couple of idiom questions on your SAT Writing and Language subsection. Spending numerous hours learning hundreds of idioms wouldn't be the best use of your study time. However, I do recommend that you review this list periodically to become more familiar with these phrases. Thinking about proper idiom construction should benefit you when you encounter idiom questions on the SAT. You'll improve your intuitive grasp of idioms and be able to better recognize idiom errors. Here's my thorough list of idioms: IDIOMS FROM SAT PRACTICE TESTS as a means of serve as wait for in order to be PREPOSITIONAL IDIOMS About anxious about ask about bring about curious about hear about think about talk about worry about Against adviseagainst argue against count against decide against defend against go against rebel against As celebrate as regard as see as view as At aim at arriveat laugh at look at succeedat By accompanied by amazed by confused by followed by go by impressed by organized by struck by For advocate for ask for blame for famous for known for last for meant for named for necessary for pay for ready for responsible for tolerance for strive for wait for watch for From abstain from different from excuse from far from obvious from protect from Into enter into lookinto inquire into read into In engage in fall in love in Aas inB interested in succeed in take in On base on draw on focus on impose on insist on move on prey on rely on Over argue over ruleover talk over thinkover Of approve of capable of certainof characteristic of combination of A and B cure of deprive of die of a fan of in danger of in the hope of in recognition of made up of a model of an offer of on the border of remind of a selection of a source of suspicious of take advantage of an understanding of a wealth of To able to accustomed to adapt to adhere to admit to adjacent to agree to as opposed to belong to central to come to contribute to devoted to in addition to in contrast to listen to object to prefer Ato B partial to reluctant to reply to see to similar to a threat to try to (NOT try and) unique to With agree with bargain with correlate with familiar with identify with in keeping with interfere with sympathize with trust with GERUNDS VS. INFINITIVES Verbs Followed by a Gerund accuse of admire for allow appreciate capable of complete concentrate on confess to consider delay describe discourage from discuss dislike effective at enjoy escape finish forbid imagine insist on permit plan on postpone refrain from report resent resume stop tolerate PrepositionsFollowed by a Gerund before after without Verbs Followed by an Infinitive agree attempt choose condescend dare decide deserve encourage expect fail intend love mean neglect offer plan prepare promise refuse scramble seem strive swear tend threaten want Additional Practice Congratulations on successfully making it to this point in the article! I know that was a long list. By now, you should understand the concept of idioms and how idioms are tested on the SAT. I've created some realistic SAT questions on idioms for you. Consider the proper construction of idiomatic expressions and try to answer these questions without referring to the list above. 1. Diligent research performed byeducation scholars indicatesthat moretime spent studying correlates frombetter educational outcomes. A. NO CHANGE B. of C. with D. Delete the underlined portion 2. Because she is extremelyprotective, Renee hopes to preventher younger sister formaking irresponsible decisions atparties. A. NO CHANGE B. to C. from D. at 3.After beinginterrogated bythe police for five hours, Ken admitted to beingguilty of racketeering and money laundering. A. NO CHANGE B. to be C. to having D. is 4.Even thoughshe was expected doingall of the domestic labor, Natasha wasunwilling to conformto traditional gender roles. A. NO CHANGE B. to do C. at D. having done Answers: 1. C, 2. C, 3. A, 4. B What's Next? Now that the maximum score for the SAT is a 1600, find out what's a good score on the new SAT. Find out how to find your target score. Finally, learn whether you should take the SAT or the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Hispanic Community Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hispanic Community - Personal Statement Example As far as I am concerned, if they cannot speak my language, then they are not in the right place. Countless who are connected inside the immigration arguments presupposes that there have been two sets of people inside this realm, immigrates along with non-immigrants. Their point of views draws a profound dark line amidst citizens, marking a characteristic where, in reality, does not subsist. Most members of our community looks like me. However, within my area more and more Mexicans, Muslims and Africans are moving in. Where as most of us would know, these people are very much different from what I look like, physically, mentally, even emotionally. On the other hand, for the longest time that they have been dealing with people who are locals in my community, they may have adopted already our way of life. As you may observe the majority of citizens within our town is White. Hispanics are the principal minority and their population is growing rapidly. With these figures of races, our town does not require to cope with a lot of prejudice or even discrimination. Since the composition of the (city) marginal population progresses, the quantity of immigrants existing here has sustained its quick increase in current years. The colored populations are made up of about 7.4% inside Rock Island County's inhabitants during the year 2000. Local administration administrators said that they anticipate the integer of Hispanics living within the Quad-Cities to practically increase twofold within the following 15 years, revealing a national drift. The greater part of the Hispanic folks repositioning towards the (city) hailed from Mexico, visioning of an enhanced life which can probably be afforded within their native soil.I think leaders within my community are giving special attention towards immigrants. Just like Ms. Camarillo-Martinez she said that she anticipates Hispanic depiction taking place on the Moline City Council as well as municipality boards to boost. Before now, numerous committees impart reports towards the council. Ms. Camarillo-Martinez said, "The connection among the government along with the Hispanic society is really nice.''Despite the fact that programs were present following World War II which permitted Mexican migr to be employed inside the United States of America on a provisional basis, thousands and thousands of Mexicans unrelenting to locate their way towards North of the boundary without records. During 1986, an official pardon program granted documentation for about 2.5 million Mexicans employed inside the U.S.I can see that people inside my community treat each and everyone with respect, may it be a local or an immigrant. I think that everyone must be in this manner so that cruelty and unkindness within the community would be lessen or may possibly be taken out permanently. I am a (type of race). Accordingly, within the United Kingdom, (type of race) are more apt than inside the United States to illustrate citizens from the Caucasus, even though it could still be exercised as a racial arrangement. Physically we (type of race) have (light skin also with our eyes; we have slim noses, along with lean lips) - your description. Some of us usually have wavy or straight hair.The local media embodies citizens like me, through televisions, newspapers, radios, etc. Just like in this newspaper, stating that why must a scheme which will recompense its staff poverty income receive subventions and special

Cubism movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cubism movement - Essay Example â€Å"Within the first two decades of the 20th century, a new art movement began that was unlike any other—Cubism. Started by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, most Cubist works are immediately recognizable due to their flattened, nearly two-dimensional appearance; an inclusion of geometric angles, lines, and shapes; and a fairly neutral color palette†.Imagination and influence of other artists was contagious and spread like the wild-fire! Artists were waiting in the wings, as if to tread the path of this novel mode of art. Additions and subtractions were made to the original conception of Cubism. The great artist Picasso was highly influenced by the works of Paul Cezanne and Jean Dominique. He experimented with ambiguous silhouettes. Next to catch his imagination was primitive and African art. Artists began to don the gowns of mathematicians. Cezanne advised the artists to treat nature in terms of the cylinder, cone and the sphere. Picasso and Braque did further improv ements. After conceiving the totality of the subject, they fragmented and analyzed and then reassembled it in an abstract form. They were criticized and appreciated for their extraordinary experiments—that they abandoned proportions, continuity of life samples and organic integrity and material objects. Critics said that the works looked like a field of broken glass.Notwithstanding the criticism and differences in opinions, Cubism thrived. â€Å"The Cubist emphasized a flat, two-dimensional surface and rejected the idea that art should imitate nature.

Merger and Acquisition Impact in Pakistan Profitability

Merger and Acquisition Impact in Pakistan Profitability This research study determines the impact of mergers and acquisition in banking sector on its profitability and measures the performance differences of Local and Foreign mergers and acquisitions banks in terms of profitability in Pakistan. The research has been conducted between five mergers and acquisitions of local and foreign commercials banks in Pakistan. The comparative analysis of commercials banks in Pakistan conducted through the financial analysis. The past and present performance of banks has been analyzed through analysis of financial statements of all five banks on the basis of secondary data. But after conducting mean and Independence sample t-test, it is concluded that there is no significant change between ROE and ROA for before merger and acquisition and after merger and acquisition, so it leads to that banks that enrolled in merger and acquisition did not get any significant change in their profitability. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and corporate restructuring are an immense part of the corporate finance world. Every day bankers arrange MA transactions,  which bring individual companies together  to form  bigger ones. When theyre not creating large companies from smaller ones, corporate finance compacts do the reverse and split up companies through spin-offs, carve-outs  or tracking stocks. Corporate takeovers (acquisitions) represent the strategic business techniques, used by firms to achieve different motives. For instance, such takeovers can be used to penetrate into new markets and new geographic regions, gain expertise and knowledge, or possibly to allocate capital. Business organizations use such strategies in order to attain their competitive advantage and to survive in the market. Competition between organizations originates due to change in market environment, which can lead to the restructuring of an organization. Companies engage themselves in such kind of strategies, as it helps them to expand their businesses. This then leads them towards takeover (mergers and acquisitions), which is the result of changing market circumstances. The combination of the businesses becomes a significant part of the framework of doing the business in global market economy. These collaborations of business are penetrated in the worlds business community. Nowadays these takeovers and combinations are not problematic due to the globalisation. Technology and the economic changes in the international economy shift the markets trends, and this confines corporations and forces them to collaborate (merge) although they are resistance to change. Companies, which are a mix of different institutions, become part of the current market in order so that they can survive and yet remain competitive according to current standards of market forces. If they fail to meet the current conditions or trends they will not remain in the market, so to pursue new challenges, their business has to alter. The trends towards the takeovers (Mergers and acquisitions) are becoming significant and this influencing the companies strongly. It involves a great deal of accountability. In certain cases, such takeovers are so great that they force a transformation of companies and then the creation of new company is essential. Such strategies need proper planning. In order to achieve the best results, companies have to concentrate on all parts of the businesses. This is because it involves huge transactions and complex processes and if this is not properly executed, can lead to big problems. The takeover wave of the 1980 stimulated many experimental and the theoretical studies, most of which are concerned with the issues like sources of profitability after affects on management. In this paper we study the comparison of the two methods of takeover from the firms point of view. For this we have to focus on one of the most important differences between friendly and hostile takeovers. In a hostile takeover, a firm or raider makes a tender offer directly to the shareholders of the target company, without consulting the incumbent management. Each shareholder individually decides whether or not to tender his share. In contrast, friendly takeover has to be approved by the shareholder and management. 1.1 Types of Takeovers Takeovers are often used as a common way to expand businesses, mostly on the basis of one company purchasing another company. There are two main types of takeovers Friendly Takeover (Acquisitions) Hostile Takeover (Mergers) 1.2 Friendly Takeover (Acquisition): Takeover, which is supported by the management of the target company. Friendly takeover is also known as Acquisitions, is the buying of one company by another company. The takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the targets board has no opposition against the takeover or no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of smaller firm by larger one or may be sometimes smaller firm will acquire the management control of a larger established company and keep its name for the combined entity. 1.3 Types of Acquisition: The buyer buys the assets of the target. 2This type of transaction leaves the target company as an empty shell, if the buyer buys out the entire assets. The cash target receives from the sell off is paid back to shareholders by paying dividend or through liquidation. A buyer executes asset purchase, often to cherry-pick the assets that it wants and leave out the assets and liabilities that it does not. The buyer buys the shares (and in effect the assets or whole company out right), and therefore control, of the target company being purchased. In effect, this creates something that has higher growth rate in the given market. 1.4 Hostile Takeover (Merger): A takeover which is against the wishes of the target companys management and board of directors is the opposite of friendly takeover. A hostile takeover is also known as a merger, when you integrate your business with another and the control of the combined businesses is shared with the other owner.1 A takeover is also considered to be hostile if the board rejects the offer, but the bidder continues to pursue it, or if the bidder makes the offer without informing the board beforehand. 1.5 Classifications of mergers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Horizontal mergers take place where the two merging companies produce similar product in the same industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vertical merger occur when two organizations, each working at different phases in the production of the same good, combine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Conglomerate merger take place when the two organizations operate in different industries. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) are now rising as a major source for contemporary business expansion. This provides a significant way for growing rapidly and entry into the market. According to estimates, over 30,000 MA transactions have been taken place annually in the new Millennium, which would be equal to the one contract every 17 minutes. The historic background of global takeover is highly active, averaging more than $1 trillion per year in transaction value. During 2000, organizations spent $3,500 billion US dollars in all MA cases, a huge increase has been seen because in 1991 its $500bn, which became $1,500bn in 1997. These figures show the globally increasing trends towards mergers and acquisitions. Takeover (MA) processes involve a great deal of complexities, and legal requirements. It is not purely taken place between the organizations but involve the other issues like country regulations (if the takeover is between companies from different countries). For example, in western countries, governmental regulations apply according to which certain technologies cannot be transferred 1.6 Historical Background: Mergers and acquisitions require similar set of activities. Here we discuss the brief history of takeovers through discussion of the mergers waves. After establishing what the historical experience with mergers has been in the economy, it also includes the increased incidence of hostile takeovers, and the installation of various anti-takeover defenses by corporations and their resulting shareholder wealth effects. Other notable trends, such as the use of leverage to finance takeovers are also discussed. This field of mergers and acquisitions has shown a remarkable growth. This activity of mergers and acquisitions starts in 18th century. The growth of this market is fuelled by the debt financing through investment banks. According to the previous studies conducted by different researchers, we can divide the takeover history into five distinct periods in which these processes were in high concentration and often called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger wavesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Many interesting features characterized these waves 1.7 Statement of the Problem: Determine the impact of mergers and acquisition in banking sector on its profitability 1.8 Research Question Research Question: what are the performance differences of Local and Foreign mergers and acquisitions banks in terms of profitability in Pakistan? Literature Review Frederikslust (1997) composed a difference between value making and redistribution theories. He argued that Synergy cause plays a key role in the value making theories, while agency problems or Hubris plays a role in the redistribution theory. Merger and acquisitions create economic sense if the entire is value more than the sum of its parts, or affirmed otherwise, if synergy exists. The excess value of horizontal mergers can be managed by: economies of scale in production and supply, access to new markets, having a mutual maiden office, elimination of unproductive management, greater financial potentials and shared immaterial assets (patents, trademarks and licenses). Vertical mergers cut down the industrial chain and reserves can be made in procurement, more professional communication is achievable, as well as production can be further focused to market expansions. A definition of synergy formulated by (Sirower, 1997) is as follows: Synergy is the enhanced competitive capacity and consequent greater cash flows in excess of what the individual companies would have attained. Sirower states that value creating mergers are rarely. A merger is meaningful when the synergies (surplus value) go beyond the incurred merger costs as well as the takeover payment. Other researchers (Healy, 1992) are additional positive and bring to a close that in the post-merger stage there are important enhancements in the cash flows evaluate to other firms in the industry. Ruud. A. I. van Frederikslust (1997) said that mergers compose no sense if the extra cash flow is lower than the takeover premium and/or is lower than the expenditures incurred by integration. There are two most important theories that give explanation the beginning of merger movement, the hubris- and the agency theory. The hubris theory states that organization strives for synergy having the aim to maximize profits for shareholders. Unluckily, managers experience conceit resulting in fewer values attained in the form of synergy. From research (Roll, 1986), it appears that synergetic remuneration are attained in these mergers, on the other hand the pre-calculation of synergy is commonly too high to give good reason for the takeover premium. Mueller (1989) explained the agency theory and told that the importance of the shareholders or proprietor is not similar to the interests of organization. The taking apart of capital and power induces managers to struggle for their own interests. A motive for a merger can be Empire Building, where managers struggle to enlarge the size of the corporation. Morck (1990) argued that a big company gives more position and executive salary is positively associated to the size of the company. Also, a large company offers added potential for emoluments and executive failures of the history are easier to cover up. Part of the agency theory is the theory of free cash flow. Free cash flow is to facilitate part of equity for which there are no gainful investments in the business. These cash flows, which are usually found in the (free) reserves, could be spread to the shareholders as dividends. On the other hand, according to the agency theory, these free profits are used to finance merger action that serves to gather the interests of the organization. The conclusion of a merger hardly ever leads to an enhancement in the cash flow of the involved companies. Schenk (1996) said that the game theory, component of the agency theory, is useful to explain merger waves. The moment a rival make a decision to merge, one has to choose whether to respond to the attack on the recent market position by a related move. The dilemma for management is that it does not recognize what was the driving force of the rivals move to merge and whether this action was financially rational. When one make a decision not to merge and the rivals move to merge was value making, and then one runs the threat to become a target of a next takeover. Keynes (1936) said that according to the game theory a corporation will make the action that minimizes be disappointed. In other words, one will formulate the action to merge, even though the possible return after the merger might be lower than can be attained separately. In the case that the profits of the merger are unsatisfactory, then there is all the time the excuse that their performance is no unusual from the rest of the industry. In this way managements status is not spoiled. This is what Keynes mentions in 1936: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is better for reputation to fail conventionally than succeed unconventionally.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? De Jong (1998) did not chase this micro-economic justification of merger waves. A merger is not only accomplished for the need to decrease insecurity. Leadership in association and improvement is captured irrespective of the associated insecurity. The reason that not all firms take part in a merger wave is not dependable with the game theory. Similarly, some industries do not explain any tendency of focus regardless of their oligopolistic environment. De Jong argued that merger influence by means of the market theory. A company passes four distinct phases; namely the pioneer phase, the expansion phase, the mature phase and the declining phase. The moment a company or the industry reached the mature phase, congestion and tough price competition in combination with lower return boundaries arises. In these phases, companies will employ in horizontal mergers to decrease cost. With continue stagnation, one will also attempt to enter new markets through foreign acquisitions. In the decline phase, firms divest and sell off firms assets to gather capital for other potential markets or cut losses. Therefore, a merger sign is seen as a natural process. Van Frederikslust (1997) argued that the market response is examined at the moment the merger is declared. At that time, the study attempt to link the theories that clarify merger activity to the condition in The Netherlands. A raise in the share price propose positive hope of the market to the merger. In prior research, the declaration of mergers normally leads to depressing share value reactions. A merger declaration leads to declining share prices, especially for bidding companies. In a research of De Bruin and Van Frederikslust (1997) there is an average decline of 1.2 percent in the share value of the bidders as a result to the merger declaration. (Bosveld, 1997) researched 122 Dutch mergers where a minor turn down in the share value of the bidder was perceived. The markets appear to value mergers differently from the organization of the bidding firm. Steven J. Pilloff (1996) said that merger and acquisition movement outcomes in overall advantages to shareholders when the combined post-merger companies are more important than the simple amount of the two separate pre-merger companies. The key reason of this increase in value is imaginary to be the performance improvement following the merger. The research for post-merger performance increase has focused on enhancement in any individual of the following areas, namely efficiency enhancement, improved market power, or heightened diversification. Crockett (1995) said that the numerous types of effectiveness gains may stream from merger and acquisition movement. Of these enlarged cost effectiveness is most commonly declared. A lot of mergers have been forced by a certainty that an important quantity of redundant working costs could be removed through the consolidation of actions. For example, Wells Fargo estimated annual cost savings of $1 billion from its 1996 acquisition of First Interstate. Consolidation facilitates costs to be lesser if scale or scope economies can be attained. Larger organizations may be more well-organized if redundant facilities and personnel are removed within the post-merger association. Moreover, costs may be lesser if one bank can offer numerous products at a lower price than divide banks each providing individual products. Cost effectiveness may also be enhanced through merger movement if the management of the acquiring association is more skillful at holding down operating expense for any level of action than that of the target. Bank merger and acquisition action may also promote enhanced revenue efficiency in a manner comparable to cost efficiency. Some current deals, such as the projected acquisition of Boatmens Bancshares by NationsBank, have been motivated by potential profits in this area. Cline (1996) observed that scale economies may facilitate larger banks to propose more products and services, and scope economies may permit providers of many products and services to raise the market share of targeted customer action. Moreover, acquiring organization may increase profits by implementing higher pricing strategies, presenting more gainful product mixes, or incorporating sophisticated sales and marketing agenda. Banks may also produce superior revenue by cross-selling different products of each merger associate to customers of the other partner. The end result is supposed to be superior revenue exclusive of the commensurate costs, i.e., enhanced profit efficiency. The final term in common refers to the skill of profits to improve from any of the sources noted above, cost economies, scope economies or marketing efficiency. In a sense, it symbolizes the total effectiveness of profits from the merger not including specific reference to the individually titled effectiveness enhancement areas. Anthony M. Santomero concluded that mergers may improve value by increasing the level of bank diversification. Consolidation may enhance diversification by either lengthening the geographic reach of an association or raising the size of the products and services presented. Furthermore, the easy addition of recently acquired assets and deposits make possible diversification by raising the number of bank customers. See (Santomero, 1995) for Greater diversification offers value by steady returns. Lower volatility may lift shareholder capital in several ways. First, the estimated value of bankruptcy costs may be condensed. Second, if companies face a convex tax schedule, then predictable taxes remunerated may drop, rising predictable net income. Saunders (1994) explained third gaining from lines of business where customer worth bank strength may be improved. In conclusion, stages of certain risky, yet gainful, actions such as lending may be improved without further capital being needed. Berger (1993) explained the past experimental work and investigative the profits of mergers focuses on modify in cost effectiveness using existing accounting data. Berger and Humphrey (1992), for example, inspect mergers taking place in the 1980s that occupied banking institutes with at smallest amount of $1 billion in assets. The outcome of their article are based on data combined to the holding corporation level, using frontier method and the relative industry rankings of banks taking part in mergers. Frontier methodology engages econometrically guess an efficient cost frontier for a cross-section of banks. For a given organization, the difference between its real costs and the lowest cost point on the frontier matching to an institution alike to the bank in matter measures X-efficiency. The researchers find that, on standard, mergers led to no important gains in X-efficiency. Berger and Humphrey also bring to a close that the sum of market overlap and the difference between acquirer and goal X-efficiency did not influence post-merger effectiveness profits. In adding to testing X-efficiency, they also examine return on assets and entire costs to assets and attain a related conclusion: no average profits and no relative between profits and the performance of acquirers and goals. Non-interest costs yield major results, but the result are reverse of hopes that the operations of an ineffective target purchased by a well-organized acquirer should be enhanced. Akhavein, Berger, and Humphrey (1997) examine changes in profitability practiced in the same set of large mergers as examine by Berger and Humphrey. They find out that banking industry extensively improved their revenue efficiency ranking after mergers. On the other hand, rankings stand on more traditional ROA and ROE determines that exclude loan loss provisions and taxes from net profit did not change ext ensively following consolidation. DeYoung (1993) also uses frontier methodology to study cost efficiency and find out same conclusions as Berger and Humphrey. Cost advantages from mergers did not be present for 348 bank-level mergers taking place in 1986 1987. In addition to the short of average effectiveness gains, improvements were not related to the difference between acquirer and target effectiveness. On the other hand, DeYoung find that when both the acquirer and target were bad performers, mergers results in enhanced cost efficiency. In adding to frontier methodology, the literatures contain numerous papers that exclusively use standard corporate finance procedures to examine the effect of mergers on performance. For example, Srinivasan and Wall (1992) inspect all commercial banks and banks holding companies mergers happening between 1982 and 1986. They discover that mergers did not shrink non-interest expenses. Srinivasan (1992) reaches a similar conclusion. Some of the studies of the European industry on this matter are the fresh work (Cybo-Ottone, 1996). In this they examine 26 mergers of European financial services institutes (not just banks) taking place between 1988 and 1995 in 13 European banking industry. Their outcomes are qualitatively alike too much of the study conduct on American banking institutes. Average abnormal outcomes of targets were extensively negative and those of acquirers were basically zero. This pattern recommends that there was a shift of wealth from acquirers to targets. Also equivalent to mergers of American banks, the alter in general value of European financial institutes at the time of the declaration was small and not important. This pattern sustained for at least a year. In the year following the merger, the mutual value of the acquirer and objective did not change extensively. The study of Zhang (1995) on U.S. data disagrees with those of mainly abnormal return studies. Amongst a sample of 107 merger taking place between 1980 and 1990, the researcher examines that mergers lead to a major raise in over all value. While both merger partners practiced a raise in share price about the merger announcement, objective shareholders benefited much further on a percentage basis than the acquiring shareholders. Cross-sectional outcomes propose that enhance in value were minimum when enhanced efficiency and improved market power were predictable to have their utmost potential impact. Changes in value declined as outcomes got bigger relative to acquirers and as the sum of geographic overlap bet went acquirers and goals improved. The latter finding is regular with diversification creating worth. Recently, numerous studies include both approaches in the literature. The first of these researches is performed by Cornett and Tehranian (1992) and they observe 30 large holding companies mergers happening between 1982 and 1987. The researcher fined that profitability, as calculated by cash flow outcomes on the market worth of assets, enhanced extensively after the merger. This analyzing, however, should be viewed closely for some reasons. First, the market worth of assets may be an unsuitable compute for standardizing outcome. It is defined mainly from the liability area of the balance sheet as the market worth of common stock add the book worth of long-term debt and preferred stock less cash. Given the nature of banks as financial mediators, it is vague why deposits are not incorporated in this liability-based explanation. The suitability of subtracting cash holdings is also arguable. Cornett and Tehranian discover that net income to assets, a more usual compute of bank profitabil ity, does not change by an important amount. Cornett and Tehranian also study value-weighted abnormal outcomes around the moment of the merger declaration. They discover that the market respond to announced deals by increasing the combined worth of the merger partners. The researchers also examined that changes in other performance measures, including cash flow outcomes on the market worth of assets, were optimistically interrelated with value-weighted abnormal outcomes. These associations recommend that the market may have been able to perfectly forecast the ultimate benefits of individual mergers. Net outcome to total assets is not one of the variables that were interrelated to value-weighted abnormal outcomes, however. Jen and Winter (1974) did experiential investigations and showed that shareholders get benefits from mergers regardless of the fact that academicians conventionally have argued they do not. Unfortunately, these studies have been focused on conglomerate mergers rather than on more usual forms. Moreover, very few attentions have been given to classification of the point of the merger method where these benefits take place. The primary problems encountered in determining merger benefits are establishment of a standard for their dimension and alteration of measured benefits for modifying in the firms risk. To create a standard, the companys merger decision is analyzed as one of external rather than internal development. Thus, the return obtained as a outcome of the acquisition must be evaluated to the return the shareholders would have received had there been no merger. The dissimilarity is the merger benefit. Since the imaginary or non- merger return cannot be monitored, it is essential to find a realistic proxy. Financial theory states that shareholders must be rewarded if the merger creates the equity of the acquiring company more risky. Therefore, the dissimilarity between the genuine return at the new risk level and the imaginary non merger return includes two elements merger advantages and compensation for changed risk. To determine only the merger gains risk compensation must be removed. For merger advantages to be measurable, the acquired company must be large sufficient to have an important impact on the functions of the acquiring firm. Important gains are exposed for a sample of companies who were not energetic acquirers, who commonly paid for the acquired companies with common stock, acquired companies in the same or closely related industries, and rewarded an average premium, based on share prices at the commencement of the first period. Benefits calculated as the difference between genuine common stock returns and forecasted returns presumably is changes in investor expectations about the company and as a result could be regarded as projected or predictable benefits. While there is no direct proof on whether or not such hope was realized, there do not appear to be any important descending revaluations for optimistic benefits during the three years observation. The constructive merger benefit originate here is opposing to some previous studies and usually exceeds the positive benefits found in others. This is partially explained by dissimilarities in the way merger advantages were calculated. First, the assessment equation approach permits separate predictions for acquiring companies based on their premerger performance. It is more approachable to individual dissimilarity and does not need all firms to do better than a single standard to be judged successful as in. Second, by decomposing the study period into 3 subperiods, it is likely to (1) reduce the risk alter problem present in several studies and exclusively recognized and (2) reduce the averaging result that exists in mainly of the studies. When the important merger benefit in period 1 is collective with the two other periods the result is small and no longer significant; thus, the longer the time over which the advantages are measured, the greater will be the impending bias from ave raging. The results have many implications for financial managers. First, the benefits were created even though comparatively large premiums were rewarded to the shareholders of the acquired company. Proving that a high premium does not automatically entails an unproductive merger. Also, over 85% of the mergers occupied the exchange of common stock and/or cash so that it was needless to use hybrid securities to create the benefits. Under these situations, the only enduring source of merger advantages is working economies of some form. Thus, a well conceived and accomplish merger is possible and will defer substantial benefits for the companys shareholders. Lastly, although mergers are analyzed after the fact, it is feasible to examine them before the fact as well and exercise the results to reproduce results from potential mergers. Rhoades (1994) examines merger performance researches in banking published between 1980 and 1993. Nineteen of these researches present tests of alter in the performance of banks use accounting procedures of costs and revenue and twenty-one of these researches examine the markets response to news of acquisitions. The outcomes are mixed, but Rhoades bring to a close that these researches, taken as a whole, do not support the view that bank mergers outcome in enhanced performance. However, since only two of these researches cover mergers after 1989, concern must be practiced in making inferences about the reaction of mergers in the 1990s. In a more current research, Pilloff (1996) examined for performance alters and for irregular outcomes related with 48 publicly-traded-bank mergers between 1982 and 1991. On average, amend in accounting practice variables are not dissimilar from industry patterns and abnormal outcomes around merger announcements are generally unimportant. However, cross sectional investigation identifies statistically important relationships between it and expense variables. In another research, Siems (1996) found that for 19 mega mergers declared in 1995, acquirers on average practiced negative abnormal outcomes and target banks practiced positive abnormal outcomes. Even though the market rewarded a subset of deals with the utmost percentage of office overlap, based on the markets reactions for the full sample he bring to a close that the proof is consistent with self-serving actions by managers or hubris. While many researches have been conducted on corporate governance of non financial corporations, the exceptional regulatory environment of financial corporations prevent generalizing these outcomes to the banking industry. Control mechanism may be weaker in the banking institute because boundaries are placed on who may served as bank directors (Subrahmanyam, Rangan, and Rosen, 1997) and on the possession of bank stock (Prowse, 1995). Prowse, studying corporate power changes at 234 bank-holding companies (BHCs) over the time 19 Merger and Acquisition Impact in Pakistan Profitability Merger and Acquisition Impact in Pakistan Profitability This research study determines the impact of mergers and acquisition in banking sector on its profitability and measures the performance differences of Local and Foreign mergers and acquisitions banks in terms of profitability in Pakistan. The research has been conducted between five mergers and acquisitions of local and foreign commercials banks in Pakistan. The comparative analysis of commercials banks in Pakistan conducted through the financial analysis. The past and present performance of banks has been analyzed through analysis of financial statements of all five banks on the basis of secondary data. But after conducting mean and Independence sample t-test, it is concluded that there is no significant change between ROE and ROA for before merger and acquisition and after merger and acquisition, so it leads to that banks that enrolled in merger and acquisition did not get any significant change in their profitability. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and corporate restructuring are an immense part of the corporate finance world. Every day bankers arrange MA transactions,  which bring individual companies together  to form  bigger ones. When theyre not creating large companies from smaller ones, corporate finance compacts do the reverse and split up companies through spin-offs, carve-outs  or tracking stocks. Corporate takeovers (acquisitions) represent the strategic business techniques, used by firms to achieve different motives. For instance, such takeovers can be used to penetrate into new markets and new geographic regions, gain expertise and knowledge, or possibly to allocate capital. Business organizations use such strategies in order to attain their competitive advantage and to survive in the market. Competition between organizations originates due to change in market environment, which can lead to the restructuring of an organization. Companies engage themselves in such kind of strategies, as it helps them to expand their businesses. This then leads them towards takeover (mergers and acquisitions), which is the result of changing market circumstances. The combination of the businesses becomes a significant part of the framework of doing the business in global market economy. These collaborations of business are penetrated in the worlds business community. Nowadays these takeovers and combinations are not problematic due to the globalisation. Technology and the economic changes in the international economy shift the markets trends, and this confines corporations and forces them to collaborate (merge) although they are resistance to change. Companies, which are a mix of different institutions, become part of the current market in order so that they can survive and yet remain competitive according to current standards of market forces. If they fail to meet the current conditions or trends they will not remain in the market, so to pursue new challenges, their business has to alter. The trends towards the takeovers (Mergers and acquisitions) are becoming significant and this influencing the companies strongly. It involves a great deal of accountability. In certain cases, such takeovers are so great that they force a transformation of companies and then the creation of new company is essential. Such strategies need proper planning. In order to achieve the best results, companies have to concentrate on all parts of the businesses. This is because it involves huge transactions and complex processes and if this is not properly executed, can lead to big problems. The takeover wave of the 1980 stimulated many experimental and the theoretical studies, most of which are concerned with the issues like sources of profitability after affects on management. In this paper we study the comparison of the two methods of takeover from the firms point of view. For this we have to focus on one of the most important differences between friendly and hostile takeovers. In a hostile takeover, a firm or raider makes a tender offer directly to the shareholders of the target company, without consulting the incumbent management. Each shareholder individually decides whether or not to tender his share. In contrast, friendly takeover has to be approved by the shareholder and management. 1.1 Types of Takeovers Takeovers are often used as a common way to expand businesses, mostly on the basis of one company purchasing another company. There are two main types of takeovers Friendly Takeover (Acquisitions) Hostile Takeover (Mergers) 1.2 Friendly Takeover (Acquisition): Takeover, which is supported by the management of the target company. Friendly takeover is also known as Acquisitions, is the buying of one company by another company. The takeover target is unwilling to be bought or the targets board has no opposition against the takeover or no prior knowledge of the offer. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of smaller firm by larger one or may be sometimes smaller firm will acquire the management control of a larger established company and keep its name for the combined entity. 1.3 Types of Acquisition: The buyer buys the assets of the target. 2This type of transaction leaves the target company as an empty shell, if the buyer buys out the entire assets. The cash target receives from the sell off is paid back to shareholders by paying dividend or through liquidation. A buyer executes asset purchase, often to cherry-pick the assets that it wants and leave out the assets and liabilities that it does not. The buyer buys the shares (and in effect the assets or whole company out right), and therefore control, of the target company being purchased. In effect, this creates something that has higher growth rate in the given market. 1.4 Hostile Takeover (Merger): A takeover which is against the wishes of the target companys management and board of directors is the opposite of friendly takeover. A hostile takeover is also known as a merger, when you integrate your business with another and the control of the combined businesses is shared with the other owner.1 A takeover is also considered to be hostile if the board rejects the offer, but the bidder continues to pursue it, or if the bidder makes the offer without informing the board beforehand. 1.5 Classifications of mergers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Horizontal mergers take place where the two merging companies produce similar product in the same industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Vertical merger occur when two organizations, each working at different phases in the production of the same good, combine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Conglomerate merger take place when the two organizations operate in different industries. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) are now rising as a major source for contemporary business expansion. This provides a significant way for growing rapidly and entry into the market. According to estimates, over 30,000 MA transactions have been taken place annually in the new Millennium, which would be equal to the one contract every 17 minutes. The historic background of global takeover is highly active, averaging more than $1 trillion per year in transaction value. During 2000, organizations spent $3,500 billion US dollars in all MA cases, a huge increase has been seen because in 1991 its $500bn, which became $1,500bn in 1997. These figures show the globally increasing trends towards mergers and acquisitions. Takeover (MA) processes involve a great deal of complexities, and legal requirements. It is not purely taken place between the organizations but involve the other issues like country regulations (if the takeover is between companies from different countries). For example, in western countries, governmental regulations apply according to which certain technologies cannot be transferred 1.6 Historical Background: Mergers and acquisitions require similar set of activities. Here we discuss the brief history of takeovers through discussion of the mergers waves. After establishing what the historical experience with mergers has been in the economy, it also includes the increased incidence of hostile takeovers, and the installation of various anti-takeover defenses by corporations and their resulting shareholder wealth effects. Other notable trends, such as the use of leverage to finance takeovers are also discussed. This field of mergers and acquisitions has shown a remarkable growth. This activity of mergers and acquisitions starts in 18th century. The growth of this market is fuelled by the debt financing through investment banks. According to the previous studies conducted by different researchers, we can divide the takeover history into five distinct periods in which these processes were in high concentration and often called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“merger wavesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Many interesting features characterized these waves 1.7 Statement of the Problem: Determine the impact of mergers and acquisition in banking sector on its profitability 1.8 Research Question Research Question: what are the performance differences of Local and Foreign mergers and acquisitions banks in terms of profitability in Pakistan? Literature Review Frederikslust (1997) composed a difference between value making and redistribution theories. He argued that Synergy cause plays a key role in the value making theories, while agency problems or Hubris plays a role in the redistribution theory. Merger and acquisitions create economic sense if the entire is value more than the sum of its parts, or affirmed otherwise, if synergy exists. The excess value of horizontal mergers can be managed by: economies of scale in production and supply, access to new markets, having a mutual maiden office, elimination of unproductive management, greater financial potentials and shared immaterial assets (patents, trademarks and licenses). Vertical mergers cut down the industrial chain and reserves can be made in procurement, more professional communication is achievable, as well as production can be further focused to market expansions. A definition of synergy formulated by (Sirower, 1997) is as follows: Synergy is the enhanced competitive capacity and consequent greater cash flows in excess of what the individual companies would have attained. Sirower states that value creating mergers are rarely. A merger is meaningful when the synergies (surplus value) go beyond the incurred merger costs as well as the takeover payment. Other researchers (Healy, 1992) are additional positive and bring to a close that in the post-merger stage there are important enhancements in the cash flows evaluate to other firms in the industry. Ruud. A. I. van Frederikslust (1997) said that mergers compose no sense if the extra cash flow is lower than the takeover premium and/or is lower than the expenditures incurred by integration. There are two most important theories that give explanation the beginning of merger movement, the hubris- and the agency theory. The hubris theory states that organization strives for synergy having the aim to maximize profits for shareholders. Unluckily, managers experience conceit resulting in fewer values attained in the form of synergy. From research (Roll, 1986), it appears that synergetic remuneration are attained in these mergers, on the other hand the pre-calculation of synergy is commonly too high to give good reason for the takeover premium. Mueller (1989) explained the agency theory and told that the importance of the shareholders or proprietor is not similar to the interests of organization. The taking apart of capital and power induces managers to struggle for their own interests. A motive for a merger can be Empire Building, where managers struggle to enlarge the size of the corporation. Morck (1990) argued that a big company gives more position and executive salary is positively associated to the size of the company. Also, a large company offers added potential for emoluments and executive failures of the history are easier to cover up. Part of the agency theory is the theory of free cash flow. Free cash flow is to facilitate part of equity for which there are no gainful investments in the business. These cash flows, which are usually found in the (free) reserves, could be spread to the shareholders as dividends. On the other hand, according to the agency theory, these free profits are used to finance merger action that serves to gather the interests of the organization. The conclusion of a merger hardly ever leads to an enhancement in the cash flow of the involved companies. Schenk (1996) said that the game theory, component of the agency theory, is useful to explain merger waves. The moment a rival make a decision to merge, one has to choose whether to respond to the attack on the recent market position by a related move. The dilemma for management is that it does not recognize what was the driving force of the rivals move to merge and whether this action was financially rational. When one make a decision not to merge and the rivals move to merge was value making, and then one runs the threat to become a target of a next takeover. Keynes (1936) said that according to the game theory a corporation will make the action that minimizes be disappointed. In other words, one will formulate the action to merge, even though the possible return after the merger might be lower than can be attained separately. In the case that the profits of the merger are unsatisfactory, then there is all the time the excuse that their performance is no unusual from the rest of the industry. In this way managements status is not spoiled. This is what Keynes mentions in 1936: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is better for reputation to fail conventionally than succeed unconventionally.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? De Jong (1998) did not chase this micro-economic justification of merger waves. A merger is not only accomplished for the need to decrease insecurity. Leadership in association and improvement is captured irrespective of the associated insecurity. The reason that not all firms take part in a merger wave is not dependable with the game theory. Similarly, some industries do not explain any tendency of focus regardless of their oligopolistic environment. De Jong argued that merger influence by means of the market theory. A company passes four distinct phases; namely the pioneer phase, the expansion phase, the mature phase and the declining phase. The moment a company or the industry reached the mature phase, congestion and tough price competition in combination with lower return boundaries arises. In these phases, companies will employ in horizontal mergers to decrease cost. With continue stagnation, one will also attempt to enter new markets through foreign acquisitions. In the decline phase, firms divest and sell off firms assets to gather capital for other potential markets or cut losses. Therefore, a merger sign is seen as a natural process. Van Frederikslust (1997) argued that the market response is examined at the moment the merger is declared. At that time, the study attempt to link the theories that clarify merger activity to the condition in The Netherlands. A raise in the share price propose positive hope of the market to the merger. In prior research, the declaration of mergers normally leads to depressing share value reactions. A merger declaration leads to declining share prices, especially for bidding companies. In a research of De Bruin and Van Frederikslust (1997) there is an average decline of 1.2 percent in the share value of the bidders as a result to the merger declaration. (Bosveld, 1997) researched 122 Dutch mergers where a minor turn down in the share value of the bidder was perceived. The markets appear to value mergers differently from the organization of the bidding firm. Steven J. Pilloff (1996) said that merger and acquisition movement outcomes in overall advantages to shareholders when the combined post-merger companies are more important than the simple amount of the two separate pre-merger companies. The key reason of this increase in value is imaginary to be the performance improvement following the merger. The research for post-merger performance increase has focused on enhancement in any individual of the following areas, namely efficiency enhancement, improved market power, or heightened diversification. Crockett (1995) said that the numerous types of effectiveness gains may stream from merger and acquisition movement. Of these enlarged cost effectiveness is most commonly declared. A lot of mergers have been forced by a certainty that an important quantity of redundant working costs could be removed through the consolidation of actions. For example, Wells Fargo estimated annual cost savings of $1 billion from its 1996 acquisition of First Interstate. Consolidation facilitates costs to be lesser if scale or scope economies can be attained. Larger organizations may be more well-organized if redundant facilities and personnel are removed within the post-merger association. Moreover, costs may be lesser if one bank can offer numerous products at a lower price than divide banks each providing individual products. Cost effectiveness may also be enhanced through merger movement if the management of the acquiring association is more skillful at holding down operating expense for any level of action than that of the target. Bank merger and acquisition action may also promote enhanced revenue efficiency in a manner comparable to cost efficiency. Some current deals, such as the projected acquisition of Boatmens Bancshares by NationsBank, have been motivated by potential profits in this area. Cline (1996) observed that scale economies may facilitate larger banks to propose more products and services, and scope economies may permit providers of many products and services to raise the market share of targeted customer action. Moreover, acquiring organization may increase profits by implementing higher pricing strategies, presenting more gainful product mixes, or incorporating sophisticated sales and marketing agenda. Banks may also produce superior revenue by cross-selling different products of each merger associate to customers of the other partner. The end result is supposed to be superior revenue exclusive of the commensurate costs, i.e., enhanced profit efficiency. The final term in common refers to the skill of profits to improve from any of the sources noted above, cost economies, scope economies or marketing efficiency. In a sense, it symbolizes the total effectiveness of profits from the merger not including specific reference to the individually titled effectiveness enhancement areas. Anthony M. Santomero concluded that mergers may improve value by increasing the level of bank diversification. Consolidation may enhance diversification by either lengthening the geographic reach of an association or raising the size of the products and services presented. Furthermore, the easy addition of recently acquired assets and deposits make possible diversification by raising the number of bank customers. See (Santomero, 1995) for Greater diversification offers value by steady returns. Lower volatility may lift shareholder capital in several ways. First, the estimated value of bankruptcy costs may be condensed. Second, if companies face a convex tax schedule, then predictable taxes remunerated may drop, rising predictable net income. Saunders (1994) explained third gaining from lines of business where customer worth bank strength may be improved. In conclusion, stages of certain risky, yet gainful, actions such as lending may be improved without further capital being needed. Berger (1993) explained the past experimental work and investigative the profits of mergers focuses on modify in cost effectiveness using existing accounting data. Berger and Humphrey (1992), for example, inspect mergers taking place in the 1980s that occupied banking institutes with at smallest amount of $1 billion in assets. The outcome of their article are based on data combined to the holding corporation level, using frontier method and the relative industry rankings of banks taking part in mergers. Frontier methodology engages econometrically guess an efficient cost frontier for a cross-section of banks. For a given organization, the difference between its real costs and the lowest cost point on the frontier matching to an institution alike to the bank in matter measures X-efficiency. The researchers find that, on standard, mergers led to no important gains in X-efficiency. Berger and Humphrey also bring to a close that the sum of market overlap and the difference between acquirer and goal X-efficiency did not influence post-merger effectiveness profits. In adding to testing X-efficiency, they also examine return on assets and entire costs to assets and attain a related conclusion: no average profits and no relative between profits and the performance of acquirers and goals. Non-interest costs yield major results, but the result are reverse of hopes that the operations of an ineffective target purchased by a well-organized acquirer should be enhanced. Akhavein, Berger, and Humphrey (1997) examine changes in profitability practiced in the same set of large mergers as examine by Berger and Humphrey. They find out that banking industry extensively improved their revenue efficiency ranking after mergers. On the other hand, rankings stand on more traditional ROA and ROE determines that exclude loan loss provisions and taxes from net profit did not change ext ensively following consolidation. DeYoung (1993) also uses frontier methodology to study cost efficiency and find out same conclusions as Berger and Humphrey. Cost advantages from mergers did not be present for 348 bank-level mergers taking place in 1986 1987. In addition to the short of average effectiveness gains, improvements were not related to the difference between acquirer and target effectiveness. On the other hand, DeYoung find that when both the acquirer and target were bad performers, mergers results in enhanced cost efficiency. In adding to frontier methodology, the literatures contain numerous papers that exclusively use standard corporate finance procedures to examine the effect of mergers on performance. For example, Srinivasan and Wall (1992) inspect all commercial banks and banks holding companies mergers happening between 1982 and 1986. They discover that mergers did not shrink non-interest expenses. Srinivasan (1992) reaches a similar conclusion. Some of the studies of the European industry on this matter are the fresh work (Cybo-Ottone, 1996). In this they examine 26 mergers of European financial services institutes (not just banks) taking place between 1988 and 1995 in 13 European banking industry. Their outcomes are qualitatively alike too much of the study conduct on American banking institutes. Average abnormal outcomes of targets were extensively negative and those of acquirers were basically zero. This pattern recommends that there was a shift of wealth from acquirers to targets. Also equivalent to mergers of American banks, the alter in general value of European financial institutes at the time of the declaration was small and not important. This pattern sustained for at least a year. In the year following the merger, the mutual value of the acquirer and objective did not change extensively. The study of Zhang (1995) on U.S. data disagrees with those of mainly abnormal return studies. Amongst a sample of 107 merger taking place between 1980 and 1990, the researcher examines that mergers lead to a major raise in over all value. While both merger partners practiced a raise in share price about the merger announcement, objective shareholders benefited much further on a percentage basis than the acquiring shareholders. Cross-sectional outcomes propose that enhance in value were minimum when enhanced efficiency and improved market power were predictable to have their utmost potential impact. Changes in value declined as outcomes got bigger relative to acquirers and as the sum of geographic overlap bet went acquirers and goals improved. The latter finding is regular with diversification creating worth. Recently, numerous studies include both approaches in the literature. The first of these researches is performed by Cornett and Tehranian (1992) and they observe 30 large holding companies mergers happening between 1982 and 1987. The researcher fined that profitability, as calculated by cash flow outcomes on the market worth of assets, enhanced extensively after the merger. This analyzing, however, should be viewed closely for some reasons. First, the market worth of assets may be an unsuitable compute for standardizing outcome. It is defined mainly from the liability area of the balance sheet as the market worth of common stock add the book worth of long-term debt and preferred stock less cash. Given the nature of banks as financial mediators, it is vague why deposits are not incorporated in this liability-based explanation. The suitability of subtracting cash holdings is also arguable. Cornett and Tehranian discover that net income to assets, a more usual compute of bank profitabil ity, does not change by an important amount. Cornett and Tehranian also study value-weighted abnormal outcomes around the moment of the merger declaration. They discover that the market respond to announced deals by increasing the combined worth of the merger partners. The researchers also examined that changes in other performance measures, including cash flow outcomes on the market worth of assets, were optimistically interrelated with value-weighted abnormal outcomes. These associations recommend that the market may have been able to perfectly forecast the ultimate benefits of individual mergers. Net outcome to total assets is not one of the variables that were interrelated to value-weighted abnormal outcomes, however. Jen and Winter (1974) did experiential investigations and showed that shareholders get benefits from mergers regardless of the fact that academicians conventionally have argued they do not. Unfortunately, these studies have been focused on conglomerate mergers rather than on more usual forms. Moreover, very few attentions have been given to classification of the point of the merger method where these benefits take place. The primary problems encountered in determining merger benefits are establishment of a standard for their dimension and alteration of measured benefits for modifying in the firms risk. To create a standard, the companys merger decision is analyzed as one of external rather than internal development. Thus, the return obtained as a outcome of the acquisition must be evaluated to the return the shareholders would have received had there been no merger. The dissimilarity is the merger benefit. Since the imaginary or non- merger return cannot be monitored, it is essential to find a realistic proxy. Financial theory states that shareholders must be rewarded if the merger creates the equity of the acquiring company more risky. Therefore, the dissimilarity between the genuine return at the new risk level and the imaginary non merger return includes two elements merger advantages and compensation for changed risk. To determine only the merger gains risk compensation must be removed. For merger advantages to be measurable, the acquired company must be large sufficient to have an important impact on the functions of the acquiring firm. Important gains are exposed for a sample of companies who were not energetic acquirers, who commonly paid for the acquired companies with common stock, acquired companies in the same or closely related industries, and rewarded an average premium, based on share prices at the commencement of the first period. Benefits calculated as the difference between genuine common stock returns and forecasted returns presumably is changes in investor expectations about the company and as a result could be regarded as projected or predictable benefits. While there is no direct proof on whether or not such hope was realized, there do not appear to be any important descending revaluations for optimistic benefits during the three years observation. The constructive merger benefit originate here is opposing to some previous studies and usually exceeds the positive benefits found in others. This is partially explained by dissimilarities in the way merger advantages were calculated. First, the assessment equation approach permits separate predictions for acquiring companies based on their premerger performance. It is more approachable to individual dissimilarity and does not need all firms to do better than a single standard to be judged successful as in. Second, by decomposing the study period into 3 subperiods, it is likely to (1) reduce the risk alter problem present in several studies and exclusively recognized and (2) reduce the averaging result that exists in mainly of the studies. When the important merger benefit in period 1 is collective with the two other periods the result is small and no longer significant; thus, the longer the time over which the advantages are measured, the greater will be the impending bias from ave raging. The results have many implications for financial managers. First, the benefits were created even though comparatively large premiums were rewarded to the shareholders of the acquired company. Proving that a high premium does not automatically entails an unproductive merger. Also, over 85% of the mergers occupied the exchange of common stock and/or cash so that it was needless to use hybrid securities to create the benefits. Under these situations, the only enduring source of merger advantages is working economies of some form. Thus, a well conceived and accomplish merger is possible and will defer substantial benefits for the companys shareholders. Lastly, although mergers are analyzed after the fact, it is feasible to examine them before the fact as well and exercise the results to reproduce results from potential mergers. Rhoades (1994) examines merger performance researches in banking published between 1980 and 1993. Nineteen of these researches present tests of alter in the performance of banks use accounting procedures of costs and revenue and twenty-one of these researches examine the markets response to news of acquisitions. The outcomes are mixed, but Rhoades bring to a close that these researches, taken as a whole, do not support the view that bank mergers outcome in enhanced performance. However, since only two of these researches cover mergers after 1989, concern must be practiced in making inferences about the reaction of mergers in the 1990s. In a more current research, Pilloff (1996) examined for performance alters and for irregular outcomes related with 48 publicly-traded-bank mergers between 1982 and 1991. On average, amend in accounting practice variables are not dissimilar from industry patterns and abnormal outcomes around merger announcements are generally unimportant. However, cross sectional investigation identifies statistically important relationships between it and expense variables. In another research, Siems (1996) found that for 19 mega mergers declared in 1995, acquirers on average practiced negative abnormal outcomes and target banks practiced positive abnormal outcomes. Even though the market rewarded a subset of deals with the utmost percentage of office overlap, based on the markets reactions for the full sample he bring to a close that the proof is consistent with self-serving actions by managers or hubris. While many researches have been conducted on corporate governance of non financial corporations, the exceptional regulatory environment of financial corporations prevent generalizing these outcomes to the banking industry. Control mechanism may be weaker in the banking institute because boundaries are placed on who may served as bank directors (Subrahmanyam, Rangan, and Rosen, 1997) and on the possession of bank stock (Prowse, 1995). Prowse, studying corporate power changes at 234 bank-holding companies (BHCs) over the time 19